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Satellite Communication

The document discusses satellite communication, explaining that satellites are used to relay radio signals between two points on Earth by receiving a signal at one frequency, processing it, and transmitting it back down at a different frequency. It covers the different types of satellite orbits like GEO, LEO and MEO and their characteristics, as well as the frequency bands used in satellite communication and applications of satellite technology like television, radio, telephony and internet access.

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معين أحمد الجماعي
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174 views29 pages

Satellite Communication

The document discusses satellite communication, explaining that satellites are used to relay radio signals between two points on Earth by receiving a signal at one frequency, processing it, and transmitting it back down at a different frequency. It covers the different types of satellite orbits like GEO, LEO and MEO and their characteristics, as well as the frequency bands used in satellite communication and applications of satellite technology like television, radio, telephony and internet access.

Uploaded by

معين أحمد الجماعي
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Satellite Communication

Done by:
Maeen Al-Gumaei 340-2010
Content
 Introduction
 What are Satellites for?
 Principle of Satellite work?
 How does a satellite stay in it’s orbit?
 Satellite Frequency Bands
 The Downlink and the Uplink of A Satellite
 Satellite Link Analysis
 Orbits
 Applications
 Disadvantages
Introduction
 The satellite link is probably the most basic in
application of microwave communications
since a line-of-sight path typically exists
between the Earth and space.
 A satellite has the ability to send information
through signals and we are able to
communicate with it.
like:
A communication satellite is a station in
space that is used for
telecommunication, radio and television
signals.
What are Satellites for?

 Communication
 Navigation
 Collecting Information
 Weather
 Photos of Earth
 Military
 ……etc
Principle of Satellite
work?
 Two Stations on Earth want to communicate
through radio broadcast but are too far
away to use conventional means.
 The two stations can use a satellite as a
relay station for their communication
 One Earth Station sends a transmission to
the satellite. This is called a Uplink.
 The satellite Transponder converts the
signal and sends it down to the second
earth station. This is called a Downlink.
Send satellite to space
Satellite Frequency Bands

 There is a inverse relationship


between frequency and wavelength.

 As wavelength increases (and


frequency decreases), larger antennas
(satellite dishes) are necessary to
gather the signal.
Frequency Bands
C-Band
 C-Band occupy 4 to 8 GHz frequency:
- Low frequency.
- Large antenna (2-3 meters).
Frequency Bands
KU-Band

KU-Band occupy 11 to 17 GHz:


- Large frequency.
- Small antenna (18-inches!)
Satellite Frequency Bands
Most common are C-Band & KU-Band.

Band Up-LINK (GHz) Down-Link (GHz)

C- Band 5.925 - 6.425 3.7 - 4.2

Ku-Band 14.00 - 14.50 10.70 - 11.70


Satellite Frequency Bands
 Frequency Bands for commercial satellite
communication are in spectrum 1000-
10000MHz
 3700-4200MHz “downlink”.
 5925-6425MHz “uplink”.
 For military application.
 7250-7750MHz “downlink”.
 5925-6425MHz “uplink”.
 (Less noise/rainfall/less free-space)
The bands are shared with the
terrestrial services.
There is orbital crowding
So we use higher frequency band
Like :-
10.95-11.2GHz “downlink”.
11.45-12.2GHz “uplink”.
Satellite Communications
 Sat.Comm Satellite

Receive Trans Antenna


Antenna

Downlink Fd

Uplink lFu

Earth Station Earth Station


The Downlink and the
Uplink of A Satellite
 One Earth station transmits the signals to the
satellite at Up link frequency. Up link
frequency is the frequency at which Earth
station is communicating with a satellite. ”point
to point communication”

 The satellite transponder process the signal and


sends it to the second Earth station at another
frequency called downlink frequency.
“broadcast communication”
Satellite Link Analysis
 The attenuation due to rain is
negligible at the UHF frequency ,but
relatively severe at SHF and EHF
frequencies.
 Free space path loss increases with fre
quency increase.
Orbits:

LEO: Low Earth Orbit.


MEO: Medium Earth Orbit
GEO: Geostationary Earth Orbit
Geostationary Earth Orbit
(GEO)

Orbit is synchronous with the earths
rotation“Rotate at same speed of earth” so from
the ground the satellite appears fixed.

• Orbital height above the earth about 23000


miles/35000km


Coverage to 40% of planet per satellite.

Approximately 300 GEO satellites are in orbit.

commonly used for communications , weather-
observation and TV broadcasting.
GEO (cont.)

 At the Geostationary
orbit the satellite covers
42.2% of the earth’s
surface.
 Theoretically 3
Geostationary satellites
provides 100% earth
coverage
GEO (cont.)

 Advantages
 A GEO satellite’s distance from earth
gives it a large coverage area.
 GEO satellites have a 24 hour view of a
particular area.
 Used to track major developments such
as hurricanes 24 hours a day.
GEO (cont.)
 Disadvantages
 A GEO satellite’s distance also cause it to have
both a comparatively weak signal and a time
delay in the signal, which is bad for point to
point communication.


Because geostationary satellites circle the earth
at the equator, they are not able to provide
coverage at the Northernmost and
Southernmost latitudes.
Low-Earth-Orbit (LEO)
 A low Earth orbit is an orbit fro
m roughly 100 to 1240 miles
(160-2000km) above the Eart
h’s surface
 Satellites in LEOs circle
around the Earth at 27,359 km
per hour
 The orbits take the satellites
over the geographic poles.
 Each revolution takes from
less than 90 minutes up to a
few hours
Advantages:

 Reduces transmission delay .

 A LEO satellite’s proximity to earth compared to a


GEO satellite gives it a better signal strength and
less of a time delay, which makes it better for
point to point communication.

 A LEO satellite’s smaller area of coverage is less


of a waste of bandwidth.
Disadvantages:

Smaller coverage area.


Shorter life span (5-8 yrs.) than GEO (10 yrs).
Costly.
Increased probability of shadowing.$
Medium -Earth-Orbiting (MEO)

MEOs orbits between the altitudes of


5,600 and 9,500 miles.
These orbits are primarily reserved
for communications satellites that cover
the North and South Pole.

Unlike the circular orbit of the GEO, MEOs are placed


in an elliptical (oval-shaped) orbit.
Approximately a dozen MEO orbiting satellites are
necessary to provide continuous global coverage 24
hours a day.
Applications
 Telephony
Fixed points< earth station> Satellite> earth station>
fixed points.

 Television & Radio


e.g. Direct broadcast satellite (DBS) & Fixed service
satellite (FFS).

 Mobile satellite technology


- Special antenna called mobile satellite antenna.
- No matter where or how this antenna is mounted on.
Applications
 Amateur radio
- Access to OSCAR satellite.
- Low earth orbits.

 Internet
- High Speed.
- Useful for far away places.

 Military
- Uses geostationary satellites.
- Example: The Defense Satellite Communications
System (DSCS).
Disadvantages
 The antenna noise due to energy
- Unwanted radiation sources (stars – galaxies -
…etc).

 Atmosphere behaves as a resistive medium


- Supplies noise power to the antenna.
 Meteors
- Have to be programmed to avoid any rock or
any harmful thing.
- Rules of orbits.
 Expensive
- only for governments or large organizations.
In Conclusion

Satellites remain the best utilization


used for communications due to their
speed and other advantages
mentioned in this presentation.

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