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HW # 6 /tutorial # 6 WWWR Chapters 21 & 22 ID Chapters 10 & 11

This document provides an overview of heat transfer concepts including boiling, condensation, and heat exchangers. It discusses different boiling regimes and the formation of vapor bubbles on a heated surface. Film and dropwise condensation are described as well as log-mean temperature difference calculations. Examples are given of shell-and-tube and cross-flow heat exchangers operating with countercurrent flow. Homework problems from the document involve determining outlet temperatures for heat exchanger problems.

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52 views48 pages

HW # 6 /tutorial # 6 WWWR Chapters 21 & 22 ID Chapters 10 & 11

This document provides an overview of heat transfer concepts including boiling, condensation, and heat exchangers. It discusses different boiling regimes and the formation of vapor bubbles on a heated surface. Film and dropwise condensation are described as well as log-mean temperature difference calculations. Examples are given of shell-and-tube and cross-flow heat exchangers operating with countercurrent flow. Homework problems from the document involve determining outlet temperatures for heat exchanger problems.

Uploaded by

arfpower
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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HW # 6 /Tutorial # 6

WWWR Chapters 21 & 22


ID Chapters 10 & 11
Tutorial # 6
WWWR #21.12, 21.13,
21.14, 21.16, 21.19. 22.3,
22.15.
Hint: 21.13: You may neglect the
temperature drop across the tube
wall. Suggested initial guess: Tw =
58
o
C, Ti(out) = 36
o
C.
To be discussed during the
week 28 Feb. 4 March,
2011.
By either volunteer or
class list.


Homework # 6 (Self-
practice)
WWWR # 21.17 Correction:
If eight tubes of the size
designated in Problem 21.16 .
ID # 10.50
Boiling and Condensation
Boiling
Two basic types of boiling:
Pool boiling
Occurs on heated surface submerged in a liquid pool
which is not agitated
Flow boiling
Occurs in flowing stream
Boiling surface may be a portion of flow passage
Flow of liquid and vapor important type of 2 phase
flow
Regimes of Boiling
Regime 1:
Wire surface temperature is only a few degrees
higher than the surrounding saturated liquid
Natural convection currents circulate the
superheated liquid
Evaporation occurs at the free liquid surface as the
superheated liquid reaches that position
Regime 2:
Increase in wire temperature is accompanied by
the formation of vapor bubbles on the wire surface
These bubbles form at certain surface sites, where
vapor bubble nuclei are present, break off and
condense before reaching the free liquid surface

At a higher surface temperature, as in regime III, larger and more
numerous bubbles form, break away from the wire surface, rise,
and reach the free surface. Regimes II & III are associated with
nucleate boiling.
Regime IV:
Beyond the peak of the curve the transition boiling
regime is entered.
A vapor film forms around the wire, and portions
of this film break off and rise, briefly exposing a
portion of the wire surface
This film collapse and reformation and this
unstable nature of the film is characteristic of the
transition regime.
When present, the vapor film provides a
considerable resistance to heat transfer, thus the
heat flux decreases.
Correlations of Boiling Heat-
Transfer Data
( )
L V
b
g
D

o

Nu
b
= C
fc
Re
b
m
Pr
L
n
Refer to Appendix 6 for Detailed Derivation.
surface tension
As confirmed by Cengel 2007
Condensation
Occurs when a vapor contacts a surface
which is at a temperature below the
saturation temperature of the vapor.
When the liquid condensate forms on the
surface, it will flow under the influence of
gravity.
Film Condensation
Normally the liquid wets the surface, spreads out and forms a
film.
Dropwise Condensation
If the surface is not wetted by the liquid, then droplets form and
run down the surface, coalescing as they contact other
condensate droplets.
Example 1
Film Condensation:
Turbulent-Flow Analysis
It is logical to expect the flow of the condensate
film to become turbulent for relatively long
surfaces or for high condensation rates.
The criterion for turbulent flow is a Reynolds
number for the condensate film.
In terms of an equivalent diameter, the
applicable Reynolds number is
Re =
4A
L
u
P
f
4
1 ; 1; 4
4
4
Re
L avg L avg
f f
A
A P
P
v v
A
P
o o
o

= - = =
= - =
4
4
Re
L avg
c
f f
V o

I
= =
4
4
Re
L avg
c
f f
V o

I
= =
Dropwise Condensation
Dropwise Condensation
Associated with higher heat-transfer
coefficients than filmwise condensation
phenomenon.
Attractive phenomenon for applications
where extremely large heat-transfer rates
are desired.
Heat Transfer Equipment
Single-pass heat exchanger fluid flows through
only once.
Parallel or Co-current flow fluids flow in the
same direction.
Countercurrent flow or Counterflow - fluids flow
in opposite directions.
Crossflow two fluids flow at right angles to one
another.

Double pipe heat exchanger (A) and
crossflow heat exchanger (B)
A
B
Shell-and-tube Arrangement
E.g. Tube-side fluid makes two passes, shell-side fluid
makes one pass.
Good mixing of the shell-side fluid makes one pass.
Log-Mean Temperature Difference
Temperature profiles for single-pass double-pipe heat
exchanger
Counterflow analysis
Temperature vs. contact area
Log-Mean Temperature Difference
(continued)
First-law-of-thermodynamics



Energy transfer between the two fluids


. .
p c p H
c H
q mC T mC T
| | | |
A = A = A
| |
\ . \ .
. .
p c c c p H H H
c H
dq mC dT C dT mC dT C dT
| | | |
= = = =
| |
\ . \ .
( )
( )
H C
H C H C
dq UdA T T
T T T d T dT dT
=
= A A =
Log-Mean Temperature Difference
(continued)
Log-Mean Temperature Difference
(continued)
q = U*AT*dA
C
H
* (T
H2
-T
H1
) = q

Log-Mean Temperature Difference
(continued)
Example #1
Example #1 (continued)
Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchanger (1)
Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchanger (2)
Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchanger (3)
Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchanger (4)
Cross Flow Heat Exchanger (1)
Cross Flow Heat Exchanger (2)
Cross Flow Heat Exchanger (3)
Example # 2
350
375
280 375
280
311.1
350
375
S, H, Water 280 -> 311.1

T, C, Oil 375-> 350

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