Scribd
Upload
57 views49 pages

Week 7

This document provides an overview of the topics to be covered in Tutorial/Homework Week #7, including assigned readings from the textbook and homework problems. Specific chapters and sections from the WWWR textbook and ID textbook are listed to be read and discussed. The document then provides a detailed outline of the key concepts and equations related to molecular mass transfer, including diffusion, flux, concentration, velocity, molecular diffusion coefficients, gas and liquid mass diffusivity, binary systems, and more. Conservation of mass and derivation of differential equations are also summarized.

Uploaded by

arfpower
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
57 views49 pages

Week 7

This document provides an overview of the topics to be covered in Tutorial/Homework Week #7, including assigned readings from the textbook and homework problems. Specific chapters and sections from the WWWR textbook and ID textbook are listed to be read and discussed. The document then provides a detailed outline of the key concepts and equations related to molecular mass transfer, including diffusion, flux, concentration, velocity, molecular diffusion coefficients, gas and liquid mass diffusivity, binary systems, and more. Conservation of mass and derivation of differential equations are also summarized.

Uploaded by

arfpower
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 49

Tutorial/HW Week #7

WWWR Chapters 24-25


ID Chapter 14
Tutorial #7
WWWR# 24.1, 24.12, 24.13,
24.15(d), 24.22.

To be discussed during the
week 7 March 11 March,
2011.
By either volunteer or
class list.
Homework #7
(self practice)

WWWR #24.2
ID # 14.23.
Molecular Mass Transfer
Molecular diffusion
Mass transfer law components:
Molecular concentration:


Mole fraction:
(liquids,solids) , (gases)
c
c
y
c
c
x
A
A
A
A
= =
RT
p
V
n
M
c
A A
A
A
A
= = =

For gases,

Velocity:
mass average velocity,




molar average velocity,


velocity of a particular species relative to mass/molar average is
the diffusion velocity.

P
p
RT P
RT p
y
A A
A
= =

=
=
=
= =
n
i
i i
n
i
i
n
i
i i
1
1
1
v v
v
c
c
n
i
i i
=
=
1
v
V
Flux:
A vector quantity denoting amount of a particular species that
passes per given time through a unit area normal to the vector,
given by Ficks First Law, for basic molecular diffusion


or, in the z-direction,



For a general relation in a non-isothermal, isobaric system,
A AB A
c D V = J
dz
dc
D J
A
AB z A
=
,
dz
dy
cD J
A
AB z A
=
,
Since mass is transferred by two means:
concentration differences
and convection differences from density differences
For binary system with constant V
z
,

Thus,


Rearranging to
) (
, , z z A A z A
V v c J =
dz
dy
cD V v c J
A
AB z z A A z A
= = ) (
, ,
z A
A
AB z A A
V c
dz
dy
cD v c + =
,
As the total velocity,



Or



Which substituted, becomes
) (
1
, , z B B z A A z
v c v c
c
V + =
) (
, , z B B z A A A z A
v c v c y V c + =
) (
, , , z B B z A A A
A
AB z A A
v c v c y
dz
dy
cD v c + + =
Defining molar flux, N as flux relative to a fixed z,


And finally,



Or generalized,
A A A
c v N =
) (
, , , z B z A A
A
AB z A
N N y
dz
dy
cD N + + =
) (
B A A A AB A
y y cD N N N + + V =
Related molecular mass transfer
Defined in terms of chemical potential:


Nernst-Einstein relation


dz
d
RT
D
dz
d
u V v
c AB c
A z z A

= =
,
dz
d
RT
D
c V v c J
c AB
A z z A A z A

= = ) (
, ,
Diffusion Coefficient
Ficks law proportionality/constant


Similar to kinematic viscosity, v, and
thermal diffusivity, o
t
L
L L M t L
M
dz dc
J
D
A
z A
AB
2
3 2
,
)
1
1
)( ( =

=
Gas mass diffusivity
Based on Kinetic Gas Theory


= mean free path length, u = mean speed


Hirschfelders equation:

u D
AA

3
1
*
=
2 / 1
3
2 2 / 3
2 / 3
*
) (
3
2
A A
AA
M
N
P
T
D
k
o t
=
D AB
B A
AB
P
M M
T
D
O
(

+
=
2
2 / 1
2 / 3
1 1
001858 . 0
o
Lennard-Jones parameters o and c from tables,
or from empirical relations
for binary systems, (non-polar,non-reacting)



Extrapolation of diffusivity up to 25
atmospheres


2
B A
AB
o o
o
+
=
B A AB
c c c =
2
1
1
,
1 2
,
2
2 / 3
1
2
2
1
T D
T D
AB AB
T
T
P
P
D D
P T P T
O
O
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
Binary gas-phase Lennard-Jones
collisional integral
With no reliable o or c, we can use the Fuller
correlation,




For binary gas with polar compounds, we
calculate O by

( ) ( ) | |
2
3 / 1 3 / 1
2 / 1
75 . 1 3
1 1
10
B A
B A
AB
v v P
M M
T
D

+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=

*
2
196 . 0
0
T
AB
D
o
+ O = O
where


( )
b b
P
B A AB
T V
2 3
2 / 1
10 94 . 1
,

o o o o

= =
AB
T T c k /
*
=
2 / 1
|
.
|

\
|
=
k
c
k
c
k
c
B A AB
( )
b
T
2
3 . 1 1 18 . 1 / o k c + =
( )
) exp( ) exp( ) exp(
* * *
*
0
HT
G
FT
E
DT
C
T
A
B
D
+ + + = O
and



For gas mixtures with several components,


with


( )
2 / 1
B A AB
o o o =
3 / 1
2
3 . 1 1
585 . 1
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
o
o
b
V
n n
D y D y D y
D

+ + +
=
1
'
3 1
'
3 2 1
'
2
mixture 1
/ ... / /
1
n
y y y
y
y
+ + +
=
...
3 2
2
'
2
Liquid mass diffusivity
No rigorous theories
Diffusion as molecules or ions
Eyring theory
Hydrodynamic theory
Stokes-Einstein equation


Equating both theories, we get Wilke-Chang eq.
B
AB
r
T
D
t
k
6
=
( )
6 . 0
2 / 1
8
10 4 . 7
A
B B B AB
V
M
T
D u
=

For infinite dilution of non-electrolytes in


water, W-C is simplified to Hayduk-Laudie eq.


Scheibels equation eliminates u
B
,

589 . 0 14 . 1 5
10 26 . 13

=
A B AB
V D
3 / 1
A
B AB
V
K
T
D
=

(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =

3 / 2
8
3
1 ) 10 2 . 8 (
A
B
V
V
K
As diffusivity changes with temperature,
extrapolation of D
AB
is by



For diffusion of univalent salt in dilute solution,
we use the Nernst equation
n
c
c
ABT
ABT
T T
T T
D
D
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
1
2
) (
) (
2
1
F
RT
D
AB
) / 1 / 1 (
2
0 0
+
+
=

Pore diffusivity
Diffusion of molecules within pores of porous
solids
Knudsen diffusion for gases in cylindrical pores
Pore diameter smaller than mean free path, and
density of gas is low
Knudsen number

From Kinetic Theory of Gases,

pore
d
Kn

=
A
AA
M
NT u
D
t
k 8
3 3
*
= =
But if Kn >1, then



If both Knudsen and molecular diffusion exist, then


with


For non-cylindrical pores, we estimate

A
pore
A
pore pore
KA
M
T
d
M
NT
d
u
d
D 4850
8
3 3
= = =
t
k
KA AB
A
Ae
D D
y
D
1 1 1
+

=
o
A
B
N
N
+ =1 o
Ae Ae
D D
2 '
c =
Example 6
Types of porous diffusion. Shaded areas represent nonporous solids
Hindered diffusion for solute in solvent-filled
pores
A general model is


F
1
and F
2
are correction factors, function of pore
diameter,


F
1
is the stearic partition coefficient



) ( ) (
2 1
F F D D
o
AB Ae
=
pore
s
d
d
=
2
2
1
2
( )
( ) (1 )
pore s
pore
d d
F
d
t

t

= =
F
2
is the hydrodynamic hindrance factor, one
equation is by Renkin,



5 3
2
95 . 0 09 . 2 104 . 2 1 ) ( + = F
Example 7
Convective Mass Transfer
Mass transfer between moving fluid with
surface or another fluid
Forced convection
Free/natural convection
Rate equation analogy to Newtons cooling
equation
A c A
c k N A =
Example 8
Differential Equations
Conservation of mass in a control volume:



Or,
in out + accumulation reaction = 0
( )
}}} }}
=
c
c
+
. . . .
0
v c s c
dV
t
dA n v
For in out,
in x-dir,

in y-dir,

in z-dir,

For accumulation,

x x A x x x A
z y n z y n A A A A
A + , ,
y y A y y y A
z x n z x n A A A A
A + , ,
z z A z z z A
y x n y x n A A A A
A + , ,
z y x
t
A
A A A
c
c
For reaction at rate r
A
,


Summing the terms and divide by AxAyAz,


with control volume approaching 0,

z y x r
A
A A A
, , , , , ,
0
A x x x A x x A y y y A y y A z z z A z z
A
A
n n n n n n
r
x y z t

+A +A +A

c
+ + + =
A A A c
, , ,
0
A
A x A y A z A
n n n r
x y z t
c c c c
+ + + =
c c c c
We have the continuity equation for
component A, written as general form:


For binary system,


but
and
0 =
c
c
+ V
A
A
A
r
t

n
( )
( )
( )
n n 0
A B
A B A B
r r
t
c +
V + + + =
c
v v v n n = + = +
B B A A B A
B A
r r =
So by conservation of mass,


Written as substantial derivative,


For species A,



0 =
c
c
+ V
t

v
0 = V + v

Dt
D
0 = V +
A A
A
r
Dt
D
j
e
In molar terms,


For the mixture,


And for stoichiometric reaction,



0 =
c
c
+ V
A
A
A
R
t
c
N
( )
( )
0 ) ( = +
c
+ c
+ + V
B A
B A
B A
R R
t
c c
N N
0 ) ( = +
c
c
+ V
B A
R R
t
c
cV

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy