Robotics

GROUP MEMBERS: EMAN KHALID NOOR FISHAN PRESENTED TO: P R O F E S S O R FA H A D

What are Robots ????

Robots are defined as: A reprogrammable, multifunctional manipulator designed to move material, parts, tools, or specialized devices through various programmed motions for the performance of a variety of tasks.

Robots and AI

Articial intelligence is a theory. The base object is the agent who is the "actor". It is realized in software. Robots are manufactured as hardware. The connection between those two is that the control of the robot is a software agent that reads data from the sensors decides what to do next and then directs the effectors to act in the physical world.

Robots and perception

Perception is the process by which robots map sensor measurements into internal representations of the environment. Perception is difficult because sensors are noisy, and the environment is partially observable, unpredictable and often dynamic. But robotic perception is much weaker in less defined situations, like understanding and responding to human behavior and even conversations.

Introduction to Robots
Robotics it is man-made mechanical devices that can move by themselves, whose motion must be planned, sensed, actuated, modeled and controlled, and whose motion behavior can be influenced by programming.
Robots are the physical agent that perform task by manipulating the physical world.

Robotics Equipped as:

Effectors Sensors

Manipulators

Effectors
Robots are equipped with effectors such as legs, hands, wheels, joints, and grippers. Effectors have a single purpose that is, to assert the physical forces on environment.

Sensors
Robots are equipped with sensors, which allow them to perceive their environment. Now the robots ploy a diverse set of sensors including cameras, lasers to measure the environment gyroscopes and accelerometers to measure the robots own motion.

Manipulators
A machine or robotic mechanism of which usually consists of a series of segments jointed or sliding relative to one another, for the purpose of grasping and/or moving objects (pieces or tools) usually in several degrees of freedom. Manipulators invoke a chain of controllable joints, enabling the robots to place their effectors in any position within the workspace.

Robots hardware(components)
Robots depend on the function of the Sensors, Effectors, Actuators, Controller and their designs that appropriate for the task. They perform various tasks depending on these hardware components that are given to them and programmed in them.

Sensors
Sensors allow environment to perceive (allow for perceptions). There are different types of sensor that are as follows.

Passive sensor Active sensors Range finders Sonar sensors Tactile sensors Location sensors Proprioceptive sensors Inertial sensors Force sensor

Effectors

Effectors are the means by which the robots move and change the shape of their bodies. The components to accomplish the desired physical function. Examples:
Hand Torch Wheel Legs

Body
Typically defined as a graph of links and joints. A link is a part a shape, a physical property. A joint is a constraint, a relation between two links.

Respectively, a ball joint, which allows rotation around x, y, and z, a hinge joint, which allows rotation around z, and a slider joint, which allows translation along x.

Degree of Freedom
Joints constraint free movement, measured in

Degrees of Freedom (DOFs). Links start with 6 DOFs, translations and rotations around three axes. Joints reduce the number of DOFs by constraining some translations or rotations. Robots classified by total number of DOFs

Actuators
Actuators are the muscles of the robot. These can be electric motors, hydraulic systems, pneumatic systems, or any other system that can apply forces to the system.

Controllers

Controllers direct a robot how to move. There are two controller paradigms.
Open-loop controllers: open loop controller

executes robot movement without feedback. Closed-loop controllers: closed loop controller executes robot movement and judge progress with sensors. They can thus compensate for errors.

Robots types and their Application area

Mobile Robots: Mobile robots move about their environment using wheels, legs, or similar mechanism. They are used for delivering food in hospitals, moving the containers and similar tasks like this. They perform tasks such as searching. They are of 2 types
Rolling robots:
Walking robots

Educational robotics

Educational Robot is learning environment in which

the people involved are motivated by the design and construction of creations

Domestic or house-hold robots

Robots which are used at home are called domestic robots. This sort of robots consists of numerous different gears. Also, a number of security and telepresence robots can also be considered as domestic robots if brought into play in that sort of environment. Different examples of domestic robots are: Robotic pool cleaners. Robotic sweepers. Robotic vacuum cleaners. Robotic sewer cleaners.

Medical robots:

Robots employed in medicine and medicinal

institutes. These are first and foremost surgical treatment robots. Also, a number of robotic directed automobiles and perhaps lifting supporters.

Military robots:

Robots brought into play in military & armed forces.

This sort of robots consist of bomb discarding robots, various shipping robots, exploration drones. Often robots at the start produced for military and armed forces purposes can be employed in law enforcement, exploration and other associated fields.

Entertainment robots:

These types of robots are employed for

entertainment. This is an extremely wide-ranging category. It begins with model robots such as robot sapiens or the running photo frames and concludes with real heavy weights like articulated robot arms employed as movement simulators.

Advantages of robotics

You can send them to very dangerous places. You can make them do the job of your own. They are more accurate than humans. They can do jobs of every type and can do any task easily. They can guard without being tired just keep doing the same thing again and again without getting bored. No need of nutrients, food etc. You can program them to make them do exactly what you want them to do. They cannot harm you unless they are programmed to do. They can work without doubts. They can lift very heavy things They can perform a variety of tasks and can perform dangerous tasks that humans cant do. Robots do not get sick, they can work 24/7 without complaining

Disadvantages:
You need to get people trained to make them and to fix them if

anything wrong happens. Need a very intelligent crew( a group of people working together) They can ruin peoples lives like take their job away from them. They are very expensive to make. You need the right materials to make them that could be very rare. If you make a very amazing robot with amazing quality and it brakes, it might be very hard to fix. They can be very hard to program. They can reproduce but it could cost money for the materials. They cannot be recharge by themselves. Robots also cannot respond to danger as humans can. No guarantee of doing work complete may be a failure can occur in it. It takes time to train robots.

Conclusion
The robotics field is quite promising but to make a

really intelligent robot takes supreme effort. The ultimate goal of robotics is a super human system that embodies all the skills (such as intelligence, touch and sensitivity) of humans without of any their limitations (such as strength, ageing).

Thanks