8.

4 Matrices of General Linear

Transformations




V and W are n and m dimensional vector space
and B and B

are bases for V and W . then for x in V ,
the coordinate matrix [x]
B
will be a vector in R
n
, and
Coordinate matrix [T(x)]
B
will be a vector in R
m


Matrices of Linear Transformations
If we let A be the standard
matrix for this transformation
then A[x]
B
=[T (x)]
B

(1)
The matrix A in (1) is called
the matrix for T with
respect to the bases B
and B

Matrices of Linear Transformations
Let B ={u
1
,u
2
,u
n
} be a basis space W.

A= , so that (1) holds for all vector x


in V.

A[u
1
]
B
=[T (u
1
)]
B
,A [u
2
]
B
=[T (u
2
)]
B
A[u
n
]
B
=[T (u
n
)]
B
(2)



(
(
(
(

mn m m
n
n
a a a
a a a
a a a
...
: : :
...
...
2 1
2 22 21
1 12 11
Matrices of Linear Transformations

=[T (u
1
)]
B
, =[T (u
2
)]
B
, =[T (u
n
)]
B




which shows that the successive columns of A are the
Coordinate matrices of T (u
1
),T (u
2
),. ,T (u
n
) with
Respect to the basis B .
A=[[T (u
1
)]
B
| [T (u
2
)]
B
|. [T (u
n
)]
B
] (3)



(
(
(
(
(
(

1
31
21
11
:
m a
a
a
a
(
(
(
(
(
(

2
32
22
12
:
m a
a
a
a
(
(
(
(
(
(

2
32
22
12
:
m a
a
a
a
Matrices of Linear Transformations
This matrix is commonly denoted by the symbol
[T ]
B.B
,so that the preceding formula can also be
written as
[T ]
B.B
= [[T (u
1
)]
B
| [T (u
2
)]
B
|. [T (u
n
)]
B
] (4)

and from (1) this matrix has the property
[T ]
B.B
[x]
B
=[T (x)]
B
(4a)


Matrices of Linear Operators
In the special case where V = W , it is usual to take
B = B when constructing a matrix for T. In this case
The resulting matrix is called the matrix for T with
respect to the basis B.

[T ]
B.B
= [[T (u
1
)]
B
| [T (u
2
)]
B
|. [T (u
n
)]
B
] (5)
[T ]
B
[x]
B
= [T (x)]
B
(5a)

Example 1
Let T :P
1
-> P
2
be the transformations defined by
T (p(x)) = xp(x).Find the matrix for T with respect
to the standard bases,B={u
1
,u
2
} and B={v
1
,v
2
,v
3
}
where u
1
=1 , u
2
=x ; v
1
=1 , v
2
=x ,v
3
=x
2


Solution:
T (u
1
)=T (1)=(x)(1)=x
T (u
2)
=T (x)=(x)(x)=x
2


Example 1(Cont.)

[T (u
1
)]
B
= [T (u
2
)]
B
=

Thus,the matrix for T with respect to B and B is

[T ]
B.B
= [[T (u
1
)]
B
| [T (u
2
)]
B
] =


(
(
(

0
1
0
(
(
(

1
0
0
(
(
(

1
0
0
0
1
0
Example 3
Let T :R
2
-> R
3
be the linear transformation defined
by
T =

Find the matrix for the transformation T with
respect to the base B = {u
1
,u
2
} for R
2
and
B ={v
1
,v
2
,v
3
} for R
3
,where
|
|
.
|

\
|
(

2
1
x
x
(
(
(

+
+
2 1
2 1
2
16 7
13 5
x x
x x
x
Example 3(Cont)

u
1
= u
2
= v
1
= v
2
=

v
3
=

Solution:
From the formula for T

T (u
1
) = T (u
2
) =

(

1
3
(

2
5
(
(
(

1
0
1
(
(
(

2
2
1
(
(
(

2
1
0
(
(
(

5
2
1
(
(
(

3
1
2
Example 3(Cont)
Expressing these vector as linear combination of
v
1
,v
2
and v
3
we obtain T (u
1
)=v
1
-2v
3
T (u
2
)=3v
1
+v
2
-

v
3

Thus
[T (u
1
)]
B
= [T (u
2
)]
B
=

[T ]
B.B
= [[T (u
1
)]
B
| [T (u
2
)]
B
] =


(
(
(

2
0
1
(
(
(

1
1
3
(
(
(

1
1
3
2
0
1
Theorem 8.4.1
If T:R
n
-> R
m
is a linear transformation
and if B and B are the standard bases
for R
n
and R
m
respecively then

[T]
B,B
= [T]
Example 6
Let T :P
2

-> P
2
be linear operator defined by
T (p (x))=p (3x-5),that is,
T (c
o
+c
1
x+c
2
x
2
)= c
o
+c
1
(3x-5)+c
2
(3x-5)
2

(a)Find [T ]
B
with respect to the basis B ={1,x,x
2
}
(b)Use the indirect procedure to compute T (1+2x+3x
2
)
(c)Check the result in (b) by computing T (1+2x+3x
2
)

Example 6(Cont.)
Solution(a):
Form the formula for T then
T (1)=1,T (x)=3x-5,T (x
2
)=(3x-5)
2
=9x
2
-30x+25
Thus,

[T ]
B
=


(
(
(

9 0 0
30 3 0
25 5 1
Example 6(Cont.)
Solution(b):
The coordinate matrix relative to B for vector
p =1+2x+3x
2
is [p]
B
= .Thus from(5a)
[T (1+2x+3x
2
)]
B
=[T (p)]
B
= [T ]
B
[p]
B



= =

T (1+2x+3x
2
)=66-84x+27x
2


(
(
(

3
2
1
(
(
(

9 0 0
30 3 0
25 5 1
(
(
(

3
2
1
(
(
(

27
84
66
Example 6(Cont.)
Solution(c):
By direct computation

T (1+2x+3x
2
)=1+2(3x-5)+3(3x-5)
2

=1+6x-10+27x
2
-90x+75
=66-84x+27x
2


Theorem 8.4.2
If T
1
:U -> V and T
2
:V -> W are linear
transformation and if B, B
n
and B are
bases for U,V and W respectively then

[T
2
0 T
1
]
B,B
= [T
2
]
B,B
[T
1
]
B,B
Theorem 8.4.3
If T:V -> V is a linear operator and if B
is a basis for V then the following are
equivalent
(a)T is one to one (b)[T]
B
is invertible

conditions hold
[T
-1
]
B
= [T]
B
-1

8.5 Similarity
SIMILARITY
The matrix of a linear operator T:V V
depends on the basis selected for V that
makes the matrix for T as simple as
possible a diagonal or triangular or
triangular matrix.
Simple Matrices for Linear Operators
For example,consider the linear operator T:
defined by
(1)

And the standard basis B= for ,where

,
The matrix for T with respect to this basis is the
standard matrix for T :that is,

{ }
2 1
.e e
2 2
R R
(

+
+
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
(

2 1
2 1
2
1
4 2 x x
x x
x
x
T
2
R
(

=
0
1
1 e
(

=
1
0
2
e
| | | | ( ) ( ) | |
2 1
| e T e T T T
B
= =
Simple Matrices for Linear Operators (cont.)
Form (1),

, so (2)
In comparison, we showed in Example 4 of Section8.4 that if


(3)
Then the matrix for T with respect to the basis is the diagonal
matrix
(4)

This matrix is simplerthan (2)in the sense that diagonal matrices enjoy
special properties that more general matrices do not.


( )
(

=
2
1
1
e T ( )
(

=
4
1
2
e T | |
(

=
4
1
2
1
B
T
(

=
1
1
1
u
(

=
2
1
2
u
{ }
2 1
, ' u u B =
| |
(

=
3 0
0 2
' B
T
Theorem 8.5.1
If B and B are bases for a finite-dimensional vector
space V, and if I:V V is the identity operator,then
is the transition matrix from B to B.
Proof. Suppose that B= are bases for V. Using the fact that
I(v)=v for all v in V , it follows from Formula(4) of Section 8.4 with
B and B reversed that



Thus, from(5),we have ,which shows that is the
transition matrix from B to B.
| |
' , B B
I
{ }
n
u u u ' ,.... ' , '
2 1
| | ( ) | | ( ) | | ( ) | | | |
B
n B B
B B
u I u I u I I ' | ... ' | '
2 1 ' .
=
| | | | | | | |
B
n B B
u u u ' ... | ' | '
2 1
=
| | P I
B B
=
' ,
| |
' , B B
I
Theorem 8.5.1 Proof(cont.)
The result in this theorem is illustrated in Figure8.5.1
V
V
I
v v
Basis=B Basis=B
Problem: If B and Bare two bases for a finite-dimensional vector space
V,and if T:V V is a linear operator,what relationship,if any,exists between
the matrices and
| |
B
T
| |
' B
T
I I T
Basis=B Basis=B Basis=
B
Basis=B
V V V
V
v
v
T(v) T(v)
| | | | P T P T
B B
1
'

=
Theorem 8.5.2
Let T:V V be a linear operator on a finite-dimensional
vector space V,and let B and B be bases for V. Then

Where P is the transition matrix from B to B]
Warning.
| | | | P T P T
B B
1
'

=
| | | | | | | |
' . ' . ' B B B B B B
I T I T =
The interior
subscripts
are the same
The exterior
subscripts are
the same
EXAMPLE 1 Using Theorem 8.5.2
Let T: be defined by


Find the matrix of T with respect to the standard basis B=
for then use Theorem8.5.2 to find the matrix of T with
respect to the basis where

and
2 2
R R
(

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
(

2 1
2 1
2
1
4 2 x x
x x
x
x
T
{ }
2 1
, e e
2
R
{ }
2 1
' , ' ' u u B =
(

=
1
1
'
1
u
(

=
2
1
'
2
u
EXAMPLE 1 Using Theorem 8.5.2(cont.)
Solution:


By inspection so that and

| |
(

=
4 2
1 1
B
T
| | | | | | | |
B B
B B
u u I P ' | '
2 1 ' .
= =
2 1 2
2 1 1
2 '
'
e e u
e e u
+ =
+ =
| |
(

=
1
1
'
1 B
u | |
(

=
2
1
'
2 B
u
(

1 1
1 2
1
P
(

=
2 1
1 1
P
| | | |
(

=
(

= =

3 0
0 2
2 1
1 1
4 2
1 1
1 1
1 2
1
'
P T P T
B B
Definition
If A and B are square matrices,we say that
B is similar to A if there is an invertible
matrix P such that B=
Similarity Invariants Similar matrices often have
properties in common;for example,if A and B are similar
matrices,then A and B have the same determinant.To see
that this is so,suppose that B=

AP P
1
AP P
1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) P A P AP P B det det det det det
1 1
= =
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) A P A
P
det det det
det
1
= =
Definition
A property of square matrices is said to be a similarity
invariant or invariant under similarity if that property is
shared by any two simlar matrices.
Property Description
Determinant A and have the same determinant.
Invertibility A is invertible if and only if is invertible.
Rank A and have the same rank.
Nullity A and have the same nullity.
AP P
1
AP P
1
AP P
1
AP P
1
Definition(cont.)
Trace A and have the same trace.
Characteristic
polynomial
A and have the same characteristic
polynomial.
Eigenvalues A and have the same eigenvalues
Eigenspcae
dimension
If is an eigenvalue of A and then the
eigenspcae of A corresponding to and the
eigenspcae of corresponding to have the
same dimension.
AP P
1
AP P
1
AP P
1

AP P
1

AP P
1

EXAMPLE 2 Determinant of a Linear Operator
Let T: be defined by


Find det(T).
Solution
so det(T)


Had we chosen the basis of example1,then we would have obtained


so det(T)


2 2
R R
(

+
+
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
(

2 1
2 1
2
1
4 2 x x
x x
x
x
T
| |
(

=
4 2
1 1
B
T
6
4 2
1 1
=

=
{ }
2 1
. ' u u B =
| |
(

=
3 0
0 2
' B
T
6
3 0
0 2
= =
EXAMPLE3 Reflection About a Line
Let l be the line in the xy-plane that through the
origin and makes an angle with the positive x-axis,
where .As illustrated in Figure 8.5.4,let T:
be the linear operator that maps each
vector into its reflection about the line l.
(a)Find the standard matrix for T.
(b)Find the reflection of the vector x =(1,2)about the
line l through the origin that makes an angle of
u
t u < s 0
2 2
R R
6 / t u =
with the positive x-axis.
EXAMPLE3 Reflection About a Line(cont.)
Solution(a)

Instead of finding directly,we shall first find the matrix ,where

so and
Thus,

,
| | | | ( ) ( ) | |
2 1
| e T e T T T
B
= =
| |
' B
T | |
B
T { } ' '. '
2 1
u u B =
( ) ( ) ' ' ' '
2 2 1 1
u u andT u u T = =
( ) | |
(

=
0
1
'
' 1 B
u T
( ) | |
(

=
1
0
'
' 2 B
u T
| |
(

=
1
0
0
1
' B
T
| | | | | |
(

= =
u u
u u
cos sin
sin cos
' | '
2 1 B B
u u P
| | | |
1
'

= P T P T
B
B
| | | |
(

= =

u u
u u
u u
u u
cos sin
sin cos
1 0
0 1
cos sin
sin cos
1
'
P T P T
B
(

=
u u
u u
2 cos 2 sin
2 sin 2 cos
EXAMPLE3 Reflection About a Line(cont.)
Solution(b).It follow from part(a)that the formula for T in matrix notation
is



Substituting in this formula yields


So

Thus,

(

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
(

y
x
y
x
T
u u
u u
2 cos 2 sin
2 sin 2 cos
6 / t u =
(

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
(

y
x
y
x
T
2 / 1 2 / 3
2 / 3 2 / 1
(

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
(

2
1
2 / 1 2 / 3
2 / 3 2 / 1
2
1
T
( ) ( ) 1 2 / 3 , 3 2 / 1 2 , 1 + = T
Eigenvalues of a Linear Operator
Eigenvectors and eigenvalues can be defined for linear
operators as well as matrices.A scalar is called an eigenvalue
of a linear operator T:V V if there is a nonzero vector x in V
such that .The vector x is called an eigenvector of T
corresponding to . Equivalently,the eigenvectors of T
corresponding to are the nonzero vectors in the kernel of
I-T.this kernel is called the eigenspcae of T corresponding
to .
1.The eigenvalues of T are the same as the eigenvalues of .
2.A vector x is an eigenvector of T corresponding to if and
only if its corrdinate matrix is an eigenvector of
corresponding to .

x Tx =

| |
B
T
| |
B
x
| |
B
T

EXAMPLE4
Eigenvalues and Bases for Eigenspaces
Find the eigenvalues and bases for the
eigenvalues of the linear operator
defined by

2 2
: P P T
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
3 2 2 x c a x c b a c cx bx a T + + + + + = + +
EXAMPLE4 (cont.)
Eigenvalues and Bases for Eigenspaces
Solution
The matrix for T with respect to the standard basis is


T are and

, corresponding to has the basis where
{ }
2
, , 1 x x B =
| |
(
(
(

=
3 0 1
1 2 1
2 0 0
B
T
1 = 2 =
(
(
(

=
(
(
(

=
0
1
0
,
1
0
1
2 1
u u
1 =
| |
B
T
(
(
(

=
1
1
2
3
u
2
3 2
2
1
2 , , 1 x x p x p x p + + = = + =
{ } { } x x p p , 1 ,
2
2 1
+ =
{ } { }
2
3
, 2 x x p + =
1 =
2 =
( ) ( ) ( )
3 3 2 2 1 1
2 , 2 p p andT p p T p p T = = =
EXAMPLE5
Diagonal Matrix for a Linear Operator
Let T= be the linear operator given
by



Find a basis for relative to which the matrix
for T is diagonal.
3 3
R R
(
(
(

+
+ +

=
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
(
(
(

3 1
3 2 1
3
3
2
1
3
2
2
x x
x x x
x
x
x
x
T
3
R
EXAMPLE5 (cont.)
Diagonal Matrix for a Linear Operator
Solution(1/3)
If denotes the standard basis for ,then




So that the standard matrix for T is

(13)

Let P be the transition matrix from the unknown basis Bto the standard basis
B, ,will be related by








{ }
3 2 1
, , e e e B =
3
R
( ) ( ) ( )
(
(
(

=
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
(
(
(

=
(
(
(

=
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
(
(
(

=
(
(
(

=
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
(
(
(

=
3
1
2
1
0
0
,
0
2
0
0
1
0
,
1
1
0
0
0
1
3 2 1
T e T T e T T e T
| |
(
(
(

=
3 0 1
1 2 1
2 0 0
T
| |
' B
T
| | | |P T P T
B
1
'

=
EXAMPLE5 (cont.)
Diagonal Matrix for a Linear Operator
Solution (2/3)
We found that the matrix in (13)is diagonalized by
The basis to the standard basis
the columns of P are and so that
| |
(
(
(

=
1 0 1
1 1 0
2 0 1
P
| | | | | |
(
(
(

=
(
(
(

=
(
(
(

=
1
1
2
' ,
0
1
0
' ,
1
0
1
'
3 2 1 B B B
u u u
( ) ( ) ( )
(
(
(

= + + =
1
0
1
1 0 1 '
3 2 1 1
e e e u
( ) ( ) ( )
(
(
(

= + + =
1
1
2
1 1 2 '
3 2 1 3
e e e u
( ) ( ) ( )
(
(
(

= + + =
0
1
0
0 1 0 '
3 2 1 2
e e e u
{ }
3 2 1
, , u u u B =
{ }
3 2 1
, , e e e B = | |
B
u '
1
| |
B
u '
2
| |
B
u '
3
EXAMPLE5 (cont.)
Diagonal Matrix for a Linear Operator
Solution (3/3)
From the given formula for T we have


So that

Thus
( ) ( ) ( ) '
1
1
2
' , ' 2
0
2
0
' , ' 2
2
0
2
'
3 3 2 2 1 1
u u T u u T u u T =
(
(
(

= =
(
(
(

= =
(
(
(

=
( ) | | ( ) | | ( ) | |
(
(
(

=
(
(
(

=
(
(
(

=
1
0
0
' ,
0
2
0
' ,
0
0
2
'
' 3 ' 2 ' 1 B B B
u T u T u T
| | ( ) | | ( ) | | ( ) | | | |
(
(
(

= =
1 0 0
0 2 0
0 0 2
' | ' | '
' 3 ' 2 ' 1 '
B B B B
u T u T u T T
| |
(
(
(

=
(
(
(

(
(
(

(
(
(

1 0 0
0 2 0
0 0 2
1 0 1
1 1 0
2 0 1
3 0 1
1 2 1
2 0 0
1 0 1
1 1 1
2 0 1
1
P T P