Linear Transformations and their Representation as Matrices | 119 ={-4,-2) 4, 2) = xay + yor = x (1,1) + y (1,0) = &—y,x) See a4x= -2 #s-2y=2 = 3a, +10, T(@) = -2a; + 2a). ‘Matrix of T relative to the basis {cr, a} is 2 veal coefficient matrix first and then its transpose. Let T be the linear operator on R° defined by 93) = (rr $2 + 25, — x1 — 22, — 403, 2e1 — 9) ‘the matrix of T relative to ordered basis {c1, 2, a}, G,1, 0,22 = (0,1, 1), a = (1,0, 1). (Indore 2002; Gwalior 2000; Bhopal 2004; Rewa 2006) We have T(@) = T(1,1,1) = (3, -6,1) T(@) = T (0,1, 1) = (2, -5,-1) T(@) = T (1,0, 1) = (2,-5,1) ‘express (a,b,c) © R’ as a linear combination of the vectors of @,b,c) =aixt+amytasz =x(1,1,1) + y (0,1,1) +z (1,0, 1) =(xe+z,x+y,x+y +z). R¢z=a,xty=bxt+y+z=c¢ t = equations, we ge i B=atb-—cyy=c—az=c— (a1) = — 4c — 2a2 + Tas (i) = —2a; — 302 + 4a5 ~»(ii) = —4ay — a + 623 «={iii)6 Rv defined by oO, Tit It My sek pasts a ve 1950 en Sa 4x5, “01 + Ber + dey (4-23) = (249 =. -34)- aod T@ = pure @b9* is + (—% My) + C2,2) Let = © + 2, thety +2) ete a be pope Os b+ec-@ ,_b-ct+ Thee = £ apn 26 AEE ‘ “ a= Putting rey = & -2,3) = 401 — G2 — G@B nog 2b 4c = BO Ee Ta) = (24 9) = Ta: + Pata similar, Ts) = 2-3-4) = Far Jatoa From (iii), (iv) and (¥), we get [ 4 | ' S| ale © yt Coefficient matrix = | L 7 n 2 | rl Hence, the matrix of T, relative to the ordered basis is > Example 5. ln Thente wah aa T (a,b) = (a, 0). Write the matrix of T relative to the standard: Solution : Let B = standard ordered @; = (1,0), a = (0, 1), 9) Now, T (a,b) =(@,0) - T (a) = T(1,0) = (1,0) T(@) =T@,1)=(@,0). We have T(a) = (1,0) = 1,0) + @2)_Linear Transformations And their Repre as) as Matrices | 124 = 1a) +0-a, T(@)= TO, 1) = (0,0) = (1,0) + 0,1) ‘ (0, iad hie in eq. (i), 1 and 0 are the co-ordi ‘These co-ordinates will form the fed eh with respect to the ordered nae, is B and in eq. (ii), 0 and 0 are the covordiontes Metrix of T relative to ordered pmn of matrix T relative to ordered basis B es of T (a3) and will form second T(a) Hence, [F | . [0 H (:]. ie 12: Ol The matrix 0 0} #8 the coefficient mati and the ‘ i i i matrix of T relative to ered basis B is ool} T:B) = f1 0 mn =f Example 6. Find the matrix ie i = representation Of linear transformation T on V; (R) T(@,b,c) = (B+e,g— ponding to the basis : on | © B: = {(1,0,0), 01,0), Indore Bhopal ‘ a Bz = {(1,1, 1), (1, 1,0), (1,0, 0)} : i re verify that [T; B2] [a : B,] = [7(@), Bz] for any vector a € V;(R . ‘opal 2013; Sagar 2004, 03, 16; Indore 2012, ie tae 1990, 2014, 18; ge : Indore 95, 98; Rewa 2010, 12, 13, 15, 17) —- + @ Let Tbe the linear transformation from Vs (R)*V; (R) and V; (R) B= 1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0), ), 0, 1)}. ‘Then by definition of fa Sh. menos a T (a) = T(1,0,0) = (0, 1,3) = 0(1, 0,0) + 1(0, 1,0) + 3(0,0, 1) T (a2) = T(0,1,0) = (2, 4,0) = 2(1,0,0) - 40, 1,0) + 00,0, 1) T (as) = T(0,0, 1) = (1,0,0) = 1(1, 0,0) + 0(0, 1,0) + 0(0,0, 1) he matrix T relative to the ordered basis B, = transpose of the coefficient matrix, 1-40 T: By = a . (7: Bi) i oO In a similar fashion as above the matrix T relative to the ordered basis B, (= ¢ of the coefficient matrix) can be given as below : 33S mail) rie = [-6 4 | (0,0, 1)} [using eq. (]nat 1,0) + @ ~ 9).Cs0,0) oa mr? : [ns] +04 oe pa la> . 0) + (= jo? Mi Chae achane ) + (a + ge TO” AB 3 -ely, Example 7- Rof the fo «= at at ax + ax; f jals of degree three or less. The differenti, Vv. The set B= {a,ayq of pohmomit ie. the space asian on : 2, = xis an ordered basis for V. Write the to ordered basis B. ion : We have see ep) = 0= ox + 0-x' +02 + 0-2 + 0-a2 + 0°03 + O-a4 D(a) = =0-a ya ale +0x' +0-% +02 D(a) =D = L-a + 0-a2 + 0-03 + O-a4 D(a) = D(e) = 2 = O-x’ + 2-x' + 0-27 +0. = 0-1 + 2-a2 + 0-3 + Oa D(a) =D@) =30 = 0x + Ox + 3-2 +00 = 0:a; + 0-a2 + 3-03 + Oa. The matrix of D relative to ordered basis B re =1DI-|0 0 0 000 0 3 0 (4x4) Example 8. Let T be a linear transform on the vector space V: T (a,b) = (b,2). _ Compute the matrix of T relative to the basis {@2, 0), @, D}: the linear transformation on V> (R) corresponding to the matrix,analysis a3) +6 Gy 2) 4,0 2(1,1) + OC =8) = 0G, 1) +9, =1), nt. the basis ee ts (-bL OL ; fe, = (s0,0),€0 = 0s 1,0),65= sotation : Let OT tas = (ohh O)}. itis heal 0 T, {@, Let B= what is the marr of (0,1, -1)% {a= =| 3 °-4) 1 o determine [T]s1- ©, then we can. write (a,b,c) = aer + ber + ces and we are l If (a,b,c) © Vs 0 = the transpose matrix of(iis|1 0 1st 0 which is the coefficient matrix, thus © T (e:) = 0-e: + 1-e2— 1-es = G41, T(e:) = 1-e1 + 0-e2— 1-e3 = a From (ii), we have T (a,b,c) =aT : ries c) = aT (e:) + bT (e:) + cT@). T (a,b,c) = a (0,1, -1) + b (1,0, — or - Teton tee oe bats en, T(a) = T(0,1,-1) = (1-1,041,0-1) T(a@) =T(1,-1,1) = (14 bio - T (a) = T(-1,1,0) = (1+ 0,-140, (a,b, c) = xay + yar + 203 ; =x(0,1,-1) +y(1,-1,) bide (-2z,x-y+z,-x+)) Y~-Z=a,x-y+z=b,-xty x=a+bysatbtoz= or Thus,Linear Transformations and their Representation as Matrices \ 177 sow, equation () Becomes ow, (a,b,c) = (@+b)art (a+b +cat (b + clas svi) aoa = 0,b = 1c = —1, we get ; Putting T (en) = 0,1, =1) = a + Oe; + 0-85 wwviil) ‘ = b =c = 0 in equation (vi), we get ms petting eT (ea) = (0, 0,0) © Ores, + 0'e, + Ore, mc) milarly, T (as) = (1, =1,0) = O-a + O-a2 = ay « fix) From (vii), (viii) and (ix), we get the coefficient matrix as 10 G0. 0 0° 0 5 _Brample 14, Show that the only matrix similar o the identity matrie I is itself _ Solution : We know that the identity matrix / is invertible and so / can be written 1'N, therefore, Fis si to J. Further, let B be a matrix similar to J. Then exists an invertible matrix P such that B =P" "yp B=P"'p=]. ence, the only matrix similar to / is / itself. transpose matrix is ution : Let A be invertible. Then we have A (BA) A~'= (AB) (AA™}) = (4B)I = 4B, AB =A(BA)Aq! is similar to BA. Now, let B be invertible. have B (AB) B”' = (BA) (BB™}) e. = (BA)I = BA is similar to AB. ar ple 16. If two linear transformations T, and T; on VF) are similar, then LT; and T; are also similar and if T, and T; are invertible then T>', Tare n : Since the two linear transformations T, and T; are similar, so there ble linear transformation T on V, such that T= 7%T' i) T,? = TT = (TT) (TT) =17(T 11) TT =TIT%T! = Tmt, that 7; is similar to T?.4 Tes 1 ter’ +" eh respect tO given bag ey and Tol 2 |-t and (TOW = 17 sven basis 18 ven rev rev [ 1 -[2 -3 “2 4 y,rVsbe@ linear transformation defined as peo LAT Don ean + 3 1 ae Xn F% ‘ a TO wart. the 8 n basis B = {@: = (1,0,0),¢ 0 then find the ™ ; ry Cl 7 (LODE a0, )} and “ope 00,2008; iti have i py definition of 7; we balpur ae ree) 21-0021 +30 > Oa = (1,20) 2(1, 1,0) + 0 (1, 23) +1(-1,0,1) T(e) = O- 1+0,2:0+3-1 -10,04129 =(-1,3,1) = 6 (11,0) — (4,23) + F(-1,0,1) = (0-0+1,2-0+3-0-5-1,0+0~2 = (1-5-2) = 0(1, 1,0) —4(1,2,3) — $(-1,0,1) So the matrices of T (€:), T (€2) and T (es) with respect to basis BY a T (es 6 ae r= |3 [T (eye fh [T (@2)]s" = aw? [T@)]e = |7a, . . ¥ { 4 The matrix with respect to the given basis of B and B’ is i A= |[T@)e : IT @)ls (Te) = |o Exam i rate Lt Tb inet anger on hich a ‘ater f j transformation on V which maps il Find i it the matrix of T with respect to the ordered basis B =| where =[lo Mt lo op = [0 qo= [i op" ae