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FUNCTION & PARTS OF TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM IN HIGH RISE BUILDINGS

A transportation or circulation systems include the subsystems that establish the relation between the exterior and interior spaces, and provide the transportation between the spaces on the same flat or different flats. Within this sense, they can be divided as; . Corridors Entrance Hall Stairs Elevators Mobile Bands or Movable Bands Escalators
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SCOPE OF TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM IN HIGH RISE BUILDINGS

Some of the scope of transport relevant concern in high rise buildings as below:
Design Layout Concept Safety features.

Escalators are continuous conveyors designed for moving large numbers of people quickly and efficiently from one floor to another.

 Function escalators as stairs, but it is more comfortable, efficient, fast and safe. It is used to carry people or things from one level to other level. Unlike a normal lift installation it requires no waiting time, and in order to achieve a similar service a large number of lifts occupying more floor space would be required. However, an escalator can be used in conjunction with a lift, for example, between basement and ground floor where traffic is light, to avoid the need for the lift to travel to the lower floor when the demand on the upper floor is heavy.
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Size

Width (between Single-step capacity balustrade panels) 400 mm (16 in) One passenger, with feet together

Applications

Energy consumption

Very small

A rare historic design found mostly 3.7 kW (5.0 hp) in older department stores Low-volume sites, uppermost levels of department stores, 3.7 kW (5.0 hp) when space is limited

Small

600 mm (24 in)

One passenger

Medium

800 mm (31 in)

One passenger + Shopping malls, one package or one department stores, 7.5 kW (10.1 hp) piece of luggage smaller airports Two passengers one may walk past another Mainstay of metro systems, larger airports, train 7.5 kW (10.1 hp) stations, some retail usage

Large

1,000 mm (39 in)

CC608 Building Services

 Traffic patterns - to move people from one floor to another, but in others there may be a more specific requirement, such as funneling visitors towards a main exit or exhibit.
The number of passengers - to carry a certain maximum number of people. For example, a single-width escalator traveling at about 1.5 feet (0.46 m) per second can move an estimated 170 persons per five-minute period. The carrying capacity of an escalator system must match the expected peak traffic demand, presuming that passengers ride single file.

CC608 Building Services

Function of Escalator Parts

[1] BALUSTRADE The side of an escalator extending above the Steps, which includes Skirt Guard, Interior Panel, Deck Board and Moving Handrails. (a) Moving Handrail A handhold that moves along the top of the Balustrade in synchronization with the Steps.

(b) Interior Panel The major panel portion of the Balustrade located immediately below the Moving Handrails, made of glass.
(c) Deck Board A decorative capping member of the balustrade of an escalator, which continues in the traveling direction (see beside figure)
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(d) Skirt Guard The lowest panel within the Balustrade, located immediately below the Inner Deck and adjacent to the Steps at a slight gap from the steps. [2] Truss Assembly of structural steel that supports the weight and load of an escalator. (A Control Panel, Drive Units for Steps and Moving Handrails and other components are housed inside the structure.) [2-1] Top Machine Room/Bottom Machine Room
(a) Control Panel Controls stop/start operation and also supplies electric power to the Drive Unit. (b) Drive Unit A unit to drive the escalator, comprised of electric motor, decelerator, electromagnetic brake, V belt, Sprocket, and other components. Drive Chain.
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(c) Drive Chain A chain that transmits the Drive Units power to the drive wheel (Sprocket). (d) Sprocket (top/bottom) Drive wheels installed at top and bottom to drive the Steps. The top Sprocket drives the moving Steps, while the bottom sprocket turns the Steps. [2-2] Other Truss Parts (a) Main Track A rail to guide the Driving Rollers. (b) Trailing Track A rail to guide the Trailing Rollers. (c) Moving Handrail Drive Unit A device that indirectly drives the Moving Handrail at the same speed as the Steps via the Moving Handrail Drive Chain.
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[3] STEP The moving platform on which escalator passengers ride.

(a) Step Tread The part of the step where a passenger stands. (b) Riser The upright part of a Step. (c) Step Demarcation Line A yellow line along both sides of a Step to demarcate the proper standing area, thereby preventing passengers from coming into contact with the Skirt Guard and stumbling. (d) Driving Roller/Trailing Roller Each Step is linked to the Step Chains via the Step shaft and the wheels. The front wheel is called the Driving Roller and the rear wheel is called the Trailing Roller.
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(e) Step Chain A chain, located on both sides of an escalator, connecting the Steps and driven by the Step Chain Sprocket.
Floor Plate A removable steel plate finished with anti-slip patterns, typically situated above the escalator truss work at the boarding and landing Comb Plate The section of the Floor Plate on which the comb teeth segments are mounted.

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Comb A section or steel plate with teeth that mesh with the Step cleats at the boarding and landing areas, to prevent fingers, feet or foreign objects from getting caught between the moving Steps and Floor Plate.

Round Light A round light installed on the Interior Panel at the boarding and landing areas.

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Comb Light Lighting provided at Comb level at the terminal ends of an escalator for increased illumination.

Under-Handrail Lighting Lighting installed under the Moving Handrails (glass panel only).

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SPIRAL ESCALATOR

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a) Besides complying with the drawing of the contract, attention should also be drawn to the following to ensure the safety of the escalator and moving walk, free space should be large enough in the landing area.(See the minimum size left) b) C=then distance of the handrails a) Vertical safety distance there should be at least 2.3m upside safety distance starting upward from the step board.
Notice: If the vertical rise of one escalator, which is installed above another one, is less than 3.3m,the upside safety distance can not reach 2.3m.
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a) Escalators and moving walk horizontal safety distance The horizontal distance between the handrail edge and the wall or other objects should be more than 80mm. b) The vertical distance above the step board should be more than 2.3m. c) The vertical distance above the handrail space should be more than 2.1m. d) In case of floor spaces or the cross layout of escalators and moving walk. The safety distance between the handrail center and the object should be more than 0.5m. e) If the above-mentioned requirements cannot be met, a special protection device and a bumper rail should be sued. f) For further information, please contact FUJIM Elevator
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1. Comb plate switches actuated by any object caught between the step and the teeth of the comb plate. 2. Overload relays that trip if the motor should take an excessive current due to an overload, mechanical defect or any other cause. The power supply is switched off and a brake applied, bringing the escalator to a smooth stop. 3. Interlock contacts which open if the step chain stretches unduly or breaks. 4. A non-reversing device to prevent an 'up' travelling escalator from reversing in the event of failure of the driving gear.
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5. An over speed detector to stop the escalator should it over speed in the 'down' direction. 6. Comb-plate lights to give confidence to nervous passengers by lighting up the entry and exit points. 7. Switches to stop the escalator if any object is carried by the handrail into the newel openings.

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A platform or compartment housed in a shaft for raising and lowering people or things to different floors or levels A platform or an enclosure raised and lowered in a vertical shaft to transport people or freight

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 It is a means of transportation between two or more levels, for transporting persons and materials, in a vertical direction, with the help of a guided car or platform. A lift installation has an important bearing on the efficient functioning of the building it serves, and to obtain an efficient service the number and type of lifts must take into account several factors including the type of building and nature of its occupancy
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Other functions and importance of the need to lifting high-rise buildings are as follows;
Rapid development. Building is built vertically due to the high cost of land especially at Central Business District. Basic needs. - To carry human and their belongings from one level to another. Comfort and effectiveness To increase comfort and effectiveness of human circulation in the building. Uniform Building by-Law (UBBL) Requirement. Act 124 Building more than 4 storey must provide a lift Fire brigade requirement. Fire lift is necessary for emergency when the building is on fire.
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Function of Lift/Elevator Parts

Control Panel Control the elevator operation Hoist way Space to install the hoistway equipment and where car travels Maintenance Balustrade Prevent maintenance person from falling into the hoistway during work on the top car Car Door Operator Open and close car doors Hall position indicator with hall call buttons The position indicator shows the cars current position and direction.
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Function of Lift/Elevator Parts

Traction machine Moves the car ropes. Incorporate a motor and a brake. The traction sheave is connected directly to the motor shaft, and the motor rotation (speed) directly regulates the traction sheave. Governor Active the safety gears by the governor ropes when the car speed has exceeded its limit Governor Rope Use to active the safety gears Main Rope Connect the car and the counterweight

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Function of Lift/Elevator Parts

Guide Shoe Moves the car and the counterweight along the guide rails Car Frame Support the car cabin Car Consist the ceiling, wall, flooring, doors etc., and travels caring passengers. Safety Gear Grasps the guide rails to stop car upon activation of the speed governor Guide Rails Guides the car and the counterweight
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Function of Lift/Elevator Parts

Compensation Chain Compensates for the weight of the suspension ropes Counterweight Balances the weight of the car Buffer Absorbs the impact of a descending car or counterweight

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Instantaneous slack rope type car safety gear to prevent free fall. Overload non-start similar to lift design (optional). Overload buzzer (optional). System inoperative if door not closed properly. Electro-mechanical interlock. Hoist way safety final limit switches. Additional up over travel limit switch in case safety final limit switch malfunction. Built-in reverse phase protection. Overload current protection circuit breaker.

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CONTINUED.. Low voltage push button control (DC 24V). Every electrical apparatus is properly earthed. Recess car lighting and switch to prevent breakage. High quality replacement nylon guide shoe with guard to prevent rail jumping after wear and tear. Landing door lock latch is hidden and not protruding into the door way which may cause tripping hazard. Car top emergency stop switch provided.

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 Provide training in safety precautions associated with lift maintenance and repairs. Unskilled workers and/or inexperienced apprentice should be accompanied by a competent worker or lead hand. Permit to work or tag out system should be in place and observed. Warning notices should be posted. Turn off the system supply and work on emergency lighting or separate work light inside the lift car or lift shaft while repair is in progress. Risk assessment should be conducted. Detailed method statements and work procedures should be prepared and conveyed to the workers. Communication equipment such as walkie-talkie should be provided and used by workers. Trapping zone including machines and lift car should be securely fenced.
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Dept. Of Occupational Safety and Health Limitations (For Malaysia Only)

Maximum Rated Load 2000kg Maximum Platform Area 3.5m Maximum Travel 12 meters Maximum Door/Gate Height 1670 mm Any special requirement which is deviated from the above, please refer Sales Department for assistance.

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