Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan 1.

1 Database System Concepts

Chapter 1: Introduction
Purpose of Database Systems
View of Data
Data Models
Data Definition Language
Data Manipulation Language
Transaction Management
Storage Management
Database Administrator
Database Users
Overall System Structure
Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan 1.2 Database System Concepts
Database Management System (DBMS)
Collection of interrelated data
Set of programs to access the data
DBMS contains information about a particular enterprise
DBMS provides an environment that is both convenient and
efficient to use.
Database Applications:
Banking: all transactions
Airlines: reservations, schedules
Universities: registration, grades
Sales: customers, products, purchases
Manufacturing: production, inventory, orders, supply chain
Human resources: employee records, salaries, tax deductions
Databases touch all aspects of our lives
Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan 1.3 Database System Concepts
Purpose of Database System

In the early days, database applications were built on top of
file systems
Drawbacks of using file systems to store data:
Data redundancy and inconsistency
Multiple file formats, duplication of information in different files
Difficulty in accessing data
Need to write a new program to carry out each new task
Data isolation multiple files and formats
Integrity problems
Integrity constraints (e.g. account balance > 0) become part
of program code
Hard to add new constraints or change existing ones
Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan 1.4 Database System Concepts
Purpose of Database Systems (Cont.)
Drawbacks of using file systems (cont.)
Atomicity of updates
Failures may leave database in an inconsistent state with partial
updates carried out
E.g. transfer of funds from one account to another should either
complete or not happen at all
Concurrent access by multiple users
Concurrent accessed needed for performance
Uncontrolled concurrent accesses can lead to inconsistencies
E.g. two people reading a balance and updating it at the same
time
Security problems
Database systems offer solutions to all the above problems
Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan 1.5 Database System Concepts
Levels of Abstraction
Physical level describes how a record (e.g., customer) is stored.
Logical level: describes data stored in database, and the
relationships among the data.
type customer = record
name : string;
street : string;
city : integer;
end;
View level: application programs hide details of data types.
Views can also hide information (e.g., salary) for security
purposes.
Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan 1.6 Database System Concepts
View of Data
An architecture for a database system
Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan 1.7 Database System Concepts
Instances and Schemas
Similar to types and variables in programming languages
Schema the logical structure of the database
e.g., the database consists of information about a set of customers and
accounts and the relationship between them)
Analogous to type information of a variable in a program
Physical schema: database design at the physical level
Logical schema: database design at the logical level
Instance the actual content of the database at a particular point in time
Analogous to the value of a variable
Physical Data Independence the ability to modify the physical schema
without changing the logical schema
Applications depend on the logical schema
In general, the interfaces between the various levels and components should
be well defined so that changes in some parts do not seriously influence others.

Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan 1.8 Database System Concepts
Data Models
A collection of tools for describing
data
data relationships
data semantics
data constraints
Entity-Relationship model
Relational model
Other models:
object-oriented model
semi-structured data models
Older models: network model and hierarchical model
Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan 1.9 Database System Concepts
Entity-Relationship Model
Example of schema in the entity-relationship model
Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan 1.10 Database System Concepts
Entity Relationship Model (Cont.)
E-R model of real world
Entities (objects)
E.g. customers, accounts, bank branch
Relationships between entities
E.g. Account A-101 is held by customer Johnson
Relationship set depositor associates customers with accounts
Widely used for database design
Database design in E-R model usually converted to design in the
relational model (coming up next) which is used for storage and
processing
Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan 1.11 Database System Concepts
Relational Model
Example of tabular data in the relational model
customer-
name
Customer-
id
customer-
street
customer-
city
account-
number
Johnson

Smith

Johnson

Jones

Smith
192-83-7465

019-28-3746

192-83-7465

321-12-3123

019-28-3746
Alma

North

Alma

Main

North
Palo Alto

Rye

Palo Alto

Harrison

Rye
A-101

A-215

A-201

A-217

A-201
Attributes
Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan 1.12 Database System Concepts
A Sample Relational Database
Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan 1.13 Database System Concepts
Data Definition Language (DDL)
Specification notation for defining the database schema
E.g.
create table account (
account-number char(10),
balance integer)
DDL compiler generates a set of tables stored in a data
dictionary
Data dictionary contains metadata (i.e., data about data)
database schema
Data storage and definition language
language in which the storage structure and access methods
used by the database system are specified
Usually an extension of the data definition language
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Data Manipulation Language (DML)
Language for accessing and manipulating the data organized by
the appropriate data model
DML also known as query language
Two classes of languages
Procedural user specifies what data is required and how to get
those data
Nonprocedural user specifies what data is required without
specifying how to get those data
SQL is the most widely used query language
Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan 1.15 Database System Concepts
SQL
SQL: widely used non-procedural language
E.g. find the name of the customer with customer-id 192-83-7465
select customer.customer-name
from customer
where customer.customer-id = 192-83-7465
E.g. find the balances of all accounts held by the customer with
customer-id 192-83-7465
select account.balance
from depositor, account
where depositor.customer-id = 192-83-7465 and
depositor.account-number = account.account-number
Application programs generally access databases through one of
Language extensions to allow embedded SQL
Application program interface (e.g. ODBC/JDBC) which allow SQL
queries to be sent to a database

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Database Users
Users are differentiated by the way they expect to interact with
the system
Application programmers interact with system through DML
calls
Sophisticated users form requests in a database query
language
Specialized users write specialized database applications that
do not fit into the traditional data processing framework
Nave users invoke one of the permanent application programs
that have been written previously
E.g. people accessing database over the web, bank tellers, clerical
staff
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Database Administrator
Coordinates all the activities of the database system; the
database administrator has a good understanding of the
enterprises information resources and needs.
Database administrator's duties include:
Schema definition
Storage structure and access method definition
Schema and physical organization modification
Granting user authority to access the database
Specifying integrity constraints
Acting as liaison with users
Monitoring performance and responding to changes in
requirements
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Transaction Management
A transaction is a collection of operations that performs a single
logical function in a database application
Transaction-management component ensures that the database
remains in a consistent (correct) state despite system failures
(e.g., power failures and operating system crashes) and
transaction failures.
Concurrency-control manager controls the interaction among the
concurrent transactions, to ensure the consistency of the
database.
Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan 1.19 Database System Concepts
Storage Management
Storage manager is a program module that provides the
interface between the low-level data stored in the database and
the application programs and queries submitted to the system.
The storage manager is responsible to the following tasks:
interaction with the file manager
efficient storing, retrieving and updating of data
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Overall System Structure
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Application Architectures
Two-tier architecture: E.g. client programs using ODBC/JDBC to
communicate with a database
Three-tier architecture: E.g. web-based applications, and
applications built using middleware