Identifying use cases

Object Analysis
Classification
Identifying Object relationships
Attributes and Methods.

Agenda
Identifying Use Cases
Object Analysis: Classification
Identifying object relationships, Attributes
and Methods.
1.Object oriented analysis
Process: Identifying Use cases
Identifying the use cases: Goals
The use-case approach to object-oriented
analysis and the object-oriented analysis
process.
Identifying actors.
Identifying use cases.
Documentation.
What Is Analysis?
Analysis is the process of transforming
a problem definition from a fuzzy set of
facts and myths into a coherent
statement of a systems requirements.
Analysis
The main objective of the analysis is to
capture:
a complete, unambiguous, and consistent
picture of the requirements of the system
and
what the system must do to satisfy the
users' requirements and needs.
Where Should We Start?
1. Examination of existing system
documentation.
2. Interviews.
3. Questionnaire.
4. Observation.
Requirements Difficulties
Three most common sources of
requirements difficulties are:
1. Incomplete requirements.
2. Fuzzy descriptions (such as fast
response).
3. Unneeded features.
The Object-Oriented Analysis
(OOA) Process
The process consists of the following
steps:
1. Identify the actors:
Who is using the system?
Or, in the case of a new system, who will be
using system?
The OOA Process (Cont)
2. Develop a simple business process
model using UML activity diagram.
The OOA Process (Cont)
3. Develop the use case:
What the users are doing with the system?
Or, in the case of a new system, what
users will be doing with the system?
Use cases provide us with comprehensive
documentation of the system under study.
The OOA Process (Cont)
4. Prepare interaction diagrams:
Determine the sequence.
Develop collaboration diagrams.
The OOA Process (Cont)
5. Classificationdevelop a static UML
class diagram:
Identify classes.
Identify relationships.
Identify attributes.
Identify methods.
The OOA Process (Cont)
6. Iterate and refine: If needed, repeat
the preceding steps.
Refine
and
iterate
Identify Actors
Develop Use-
Cases, ADs
Develop
Interaction
Diagrams
Identify Classes,
Relationships,
Attributes &
Methods
O-O Analysis
prototyping
Developing Business Processes
Developing an activity diagram of the
business processes can provide us with
an overall view of the system.
Use Case Model
Use cases are scenarios for understanding
system requirements.
The use-case model describes the uses of
the system and shows the courses of events
that can be performed.
Some Definitions
User Human Users + Other Systems
Use Case A piece of functionality
Use-Case Model All the use cases
Use-Case Driven Development
process follows a flow

Use case Driven
Capture the users needs (requirements - in users context)
- Helps in Project Scheduling
Analyse to specify the needs
Design to realize the needs
Implement to implement the needs
Test to verify the needs
Use cases
Test
Test1
Test2
Test3
Verified by
Implementation
Implemented by
Design
Design2
Design1
Design3
Design4
Realized by
Analysis

Specified by
Product development is Use case driven:
Use Case Model (Cont)
Use case defines what happens in the
system when a use case is performed.
The use-case model tries to
systematically identify uses of the
system and therefore the system's
responsibilities.
Use Cases Under the
Microscope
"A Use Case is a sequence of
transactions in a system whose task is
to yield results of measurable value to
an individual actor of the system."
What is a
Use Case
again?
Use Case Key Concepts
Use case. Use case is a special flow of
events through the system.
Actors. An actor is a user playing a role
with respect to the system.
In a system. This simply means that the
actors communicate with the system's
use case.
Use Case Key Concepts
(Cont)
A measurable value. A use case must
help the actor to perform a task that has
some identifiable value.
Transaction. A transaction is an atomic
set of activities that are performed either
fully or not at all.
Use Associations
The use association occurs when you
are describing your use cases and
notice that some of them have common
subflows.
The use association allows you to
extract the common subflow and make
it a use case of its own.
Extends Associations
The extends association is used when
you have one use case that is similar to
another use case but does a bit more or
Is more specialized; in essence, it is like
a subclass.
Library
Borrow books
Reading books
Newspaper
Member
Supplier
Purchasing Supplies
Inter library loan
extends
uses
uses
Performing research
Return Books
Circulation Clerk
Checking Library Card
Fully Developed
Use Case Description
Use Case Name: Checkout Movies
Scenario: Checkout movies at counter
Triggering Event: Customer brings movies to checkout counter
Brief Description: When customer brings movies to counter, clerk checks membership ID,
clerk scans in each movie identifier, takes payment, and notifies
customer of return due date and time.
Actors: Video clerk
Related Use
Cases:
Add new member
Stakeholders: Clerk, Store manager
Preconditions: Movie titles must exist
Movie copy must exist
Customer must exist (or Add new member must be invoked)
Postconditions: Video Rental and rental line items must be created
Payment transaction must be created
Status of movie copy must be updated
Video Rental must be connected to customer family member
Use Case Diagram Notation
Actor
Association
Use Case
Use case with Extension points
<<Uses>>
<<Extends>>
Types of Use Cases
Use cases could be viewed as concrete
or abstract.
An abstract use case is not complete
and has no initiation actors but is used
by a concrete use case, which does
interact with actors.
Identifying the Actors
The term actor represents the role a
user plays with respect to the system.
When dealing with actors, it is important
to think about roles rather than
people or job titles.
Identifying the Actors (Cont)
Candidates for actors can be found
through the answers to the following
questions:
Who is using the system? Or,
Who is affected by the system? Or,
Which groups need help from the system
to perform a task?
Identifying the Actors (Cont)
Who affects the system? Or,
Which user groups are needed by the
system to perform its functions? These
functions can be both main functions and
secondary functions, such as
administration.
Which external hardware or other systems
(if any) use the system to perform tasks?
Identifying the Actors (Cont)
What problems does this application solve
(that is, for whom)?
And, finally, how do users use the system
(use case)? What are they doing with the
system?
Guidelines for Finding Use
Cases
For each actor, find the tasks and
functions that the actor should be able
to perform or that the system needs the
actor to perform.
Name the use cases.
Describe the use cases briefly by
applying terms with which the user is
familiar.
Separate Actors From Users
Each use case should have only one
main actor.
Isolate users from actors.
Isolate actors from other actors
(separate the responsibilities of each
actor).
Isolate use cases that have different
initiating actors and slightly different
behavior.
Documentation
An effective document can serve as a
communication vehicle among the
project's team members, or it can serve
as initial understanding of the
requirements.
Effective Documentation:
Common Cover
All documents should share a common
cover sheet that identifies the
document, the current version, and the
individual responsible for the content.
8020 Rule
80 percent of the work can be done with 20
percent of the documentation.
The trick is to make sure that the 20 percent
is easily accessible and the rest (80 percent)
is available to those (few) who need to
know.
Familiar Vocabulary
Use a vocabulary that your readers
understand and are comfortable with.
The main objective here is to
communicate with readers and do not
impress them with buzz words.
Make the Document as Short as
Possible
Eliminate all repetition;
Present summaries, reviews,
organization chapters in less than three
pages;
Make chapter headings task
oriented so that the table of
contents also could serve as
an index.
Organize the Document
Use the rules of good organization
(such as the organization's standards,
college handbooks, Strunk and White's
Elements of Style, or the University of
Chicago Manual of Style) within each
section.
Summary
The main objective of the analysis is to
capture a complete, unambiguous, and
consistent picture of the requirements of
the system.
Construct several models and views of
the system to describe what the system
does rather than how.
Summary (Cont)
Capturing use cases is one of the first
things to do in coming up with
requirements.
Every use case is a potential requirement.
Summary (Cont)
The key in developing effective
documentation is to eliminate all
repetition; present summaries, reviews,
organization chapters in less than three
pages.
Use the 8020 rule: 80 percent of the
work can be done with 20 percent of the
documentation.
Object Analysis: Classification
Introduction
OOA is a process by which we can identify
classes that play a role in achieving system
goals and requirements
Various Approaches for identifying the classes
Classification: is the process of checking to see
if an object belongs to a category or a class, is
regarded as a basic attribute of human nature.
Example: Classifying the car
What is an Object
An object Is an unique, identifiable, self-
contained entity that possesses operations
and contains attributes
Possesses all the know-how and information
it needs to perform the services for which it
was designed
Is a "black box" which receives and sends
messages

What is a Class ?
A Class is a software template that defines
the methods and variables to be included
in a particular kind of Object.
Is a blue print used to create objects. As it
is a blue print, at runtime it will not occupy
any memory.
Examples :
Animal, Human being, Automobiles

Classes VS. Objects
Class Object
Class is a type/ template
for similar objects
Object is an instance of
the class
Class is purely a static
concept, represented by
program text
Objects are run time /
dynamic entities that
occupy space in memory
... Intelligent classification is intellectually
hard work, and it best comes about
through an incremental and iterative
process
Booch
..There is no such thing as the perfect
class structure, nor the right set of
objects. As in any engineering
discipline, our design choice is
compromisingly shaped by many
competing factors.
Booch
Point To Remember
Two Issues
A class is a specification of structure,
behavior, and the description of an
object.
Classification is more
concerned with identifying
classes than identifying the
individual objects ina system.
The Challenge of Classification
Intelligent classification is intellectually
hard work and may seem rather
arbitrary.
Martin and Odell have observed in
object-oriented analysis and
design, that
In fact, an object can be categorized in
more than one way.
Employer
Employee
Pet Owner
Good Credit Risk
Approaches for Identifying
Classes
The noun phrase approach.
The common class patterns approach.
The use-case driven approach.
The class responsibilities collaboration
(CRC) approach.
Noun Phrase Approach
Using this method, you have to read
through the Use cases, interviews, and
requirements specification carefully,
looking for noun phrases.
Noun Phrase Strategy (Cont)
Change all plurals to singular and make
a list, which can then be divided into
three categories.
Noun Phrase Strategy (Cont)
It is safe to scrap the Irrelevant Classes.
You must be able to formulate a
statement of purpose for each
candidate class; if not, simply eliminate
it.
You must then select candidate classes
from the other two categories.
Guidelines For Identifying
Classes
The followings are guidelines for
selecting classes in your application:
Look for nouns and noun phrases in
the problem statement.
Some classes are implicit or taken from
general knowledge.
Guidelines For Identifying
Classes (Cont)
All classes must make sense in the
application domain.
Avoid computer implementation classes,
defer it to the design stage.
Carefully choose and define class names.
Guidelines For Refining Classes
Redundant Classes:
Do not keep two classes that express
the same information.
If more than one word is being
used to describe the same idea,
select the one that is the most
meaningful in the context of the
system.
Guidelines For Refining Classes
(Cont)
Adjective Classes:
Does the object represented by the noun
behave differently when the adjective is
applied to it?
Guidelines For Refining Classes
(Cont)
If the use of the adjective signals that the
behavior of the object is different, then
make a new class.
For example, If Adult Membership and
Youth Membership behave differently,
than they should be classified as different
classes.
Guidelines For Refining Classes
(Cont)
Attribute Classes:
Tentative objects which are used only
as values should be defined or restated
as attributes and not as a class.
For example the demographics of
Membership are not classes but
attributes of the Membership class.
Guidelines For Refining Classes
(Cont)
Irrelevant Classes:
Each class must have a purpose and
every class should be clearly defined
and necessary.
If you cannot come up with a statement
of purpose, simply eliminate the
candidate class.
Identifying a list of candidate classes
Take a coherent, concise statement of the
requirement of the system
Underline its noun and noun phrases, that is,
identify the words and phases the denote things
This gives a list of candidate classes, which we
can then whittle down and modify to get an
initial class list for the system

In this particular case we discard
Library, because it is outside the scope of our system
Short term loan, because a loan is really an event,
which so far as we know is not a useful object in this
system
Member of the library, which is redundant
Week, because it is a measure, not a thing
Item, because it is vague (we need to clarify it)
Time, because it is outside the scope of the system
System, because it is part of the meta-language of
requirements description, not a part of domain
Rule, for the same reason
This leaves:
Book
Journal
Copy (of book)
Library member
Member of staff
Common Class Patterns Approach
This approach is based on the knowledge-
base of the common classes that have
been proposed by various researchers.
Candidate Classes - Events
These are points in time that must be
recorded and remembered.
Things happen, usually to something
else, at a given date and time, or as a
step in an ordered sequence.
For example order which is an
event that must be remembered.
Candidate Classes - Organization
The organizational units that people
belong to.
For example, accounting department
might be considered as a potential
class.
Candidate Classes - People and
Person (Roles and Roles Played)
The different roles users play in interacting
with the application.
Candidate Classes - People (Cont)
It can be divided into two types (Coad &
Yourdon):
Those representing users of the system,
such as an operator, or a clerk;
Candidate Classes - People (Cont)
Those people who do not use the
system but about whom information is
kept.
Some examples are Client, Employee,
Teacher, Manager.
Candidate Classes - Places
These are physical locations, such as
buildings, stores, sites or offices that the
system must keep information about.
Candidate Classes - Tangible
Things and Devices
Physical objects, or group of objects, that
are tangible, and devices with which the
application interacts.
For example, cars, pressure
sensors.
Candidate Classes - Concepts
Concepts are principles or
ideas not tangible but used to
organize or keep track of
business activities and/or
communications.
Use-case Driven Approach
Once the system has been described in
terms of its scenarios, we can examine
the textual description or steps of each
scenario to determine what objects are
needed for the scenario to occur.
Use-case Driven Approach
To identify objects of a system and
their behaviors, the lowest level of
executable use cases is further
analyzed with a sequence and
collaboration diagram pair.
By walking through the steps, you can
determine what objects are necessary
for the steps to take place.
Sequence Diagram Notation
Actor
Class
Synchronous message
Asynchronous message
Return message
Focus of Control
lifeline
Termination
Client
ATMMachine
Bad PIN Number
Bad PIN Number
Message
Eject ATM card
Request take card
Take card
Display main screen
Verify PIN Number
Request PIN number
Request PIN
Insert ATM card
BankClient
Checking Account Bank Client ATM Machine
Account
Withdraw Checking Account
Withdraw Successful
Request Kind
Enter Kind
Request Amount
Enter Amount
Process Transaction
Transaction succeed
Dispense Cash
Request Take Cash
Take Cash
Request Continuation
Terminate
Print Receipt
ATM Machine:Definition
Checking Account
Account
Bank Client
5: Process Transaction
8: Transaction succeed
4: Enter Amount
13: Terminate
1: Request Kind
2: Enter Kind
3: Request Amount
9: Dispense Cash
10: Request Take Cash
11: Take Cash
12: Request Continuation
14: Print Receipt
7: Withdraw Successful 6: Withdraw Checking Account
COLLABORATION DIAGRAM
A Collaboration is a name given to the
interaction among two or more
classes\objects.
Collaboration Diagram show
objects and their links to each other, as well
as
how messages are sent between the linked
objects.

COLLABORATION DIAGRAM CONT.,
Collaboration shows
the implementation of an operation or
the realization of a use case.
The focus here is on Message.(Hence
numbered)
5o focus on message means that they
focus on object roles instead of time, and
therefore explicitly shown in the diagram.

COLLABORATION DIAGRAM
COLLABORATION DIAGRAM -
PURPOSE
Collaboration Diagrams are useful when
we want to refer to a particular interaction.

To illustrate the coordination of object
structure and flow of control.
COLLABORATION DIAGRAM VS
SEQUENCE DIAGRAM
Both show the interaction between the
objects\classes.

If time is the most important aspect to
emphasize, choose sequence diagrams.
If the role is the most important aspect to
emphasize, choose collaboration diagram
CRC Cards
CRC stands for Class, Responsibilities
and Collaborators developed by
Cunningham, Wilkerson and Beck.
CRC can be used for identifying classes
and their responsibilities.
Process of the CRC Technique
Iterate
Identify
Classes
responsibility
Assign
responsibility
Identify
Collaboration
Collaborations
An object can accomplish either a
certain responsibility itself, or it may
require the assistance of other objects.
If it requires an assistance of other
objects, it must collaborate with those
objects to fulfill its responsibility.
CRC Cards (Cont)
CRC cards are 4" x 6" index cards. All
the information for an object is written
on a card.
ClassName
Collaborators
...
...
Responsibilities
CRC Cards (Cont)
CRC starts with only one or two obvious
cards.
If the situation calls for a responsibility not
already covered by one of the objects:
Add, or
Create a new object to address that
responsibility.
Guidelines for Naming Classes
The class should describe a single
object, so it should be the singular form
of noun.
Use names that the users are
comfortable with.
The name of a class should reflect its
intrinsic nature.
Guidelines for Naming Classes
(Cont)
By the convention, the class name must
begin with an upper case letter.
For compound words, capitalize the first
letter of each word - for example,
LoanWindow.
Summary
Finding classes is not easy.
The more practice you have, the better
you get at identifying classes.
There is no such thing as the right set
of classes.
Finding classes is an incremental
and iterative process.
Summary (Cont)
Unless you are starting with a lot of
domain knowledge, you are probably
missing more classes than you will
eliminate.
Naming a class is also an important
activity.
The class should describe a single
object, so it should be a singular noun
or an adjective and a noun.

Identifying Object
Relationships, Attributes, and
Methods
Goals
Analyzing relationships among classes.
Identifying association.
Association patterns.
Identifying super- and subclass
hierarchies.
Introduction
Identifying aggregation or a-part-of
compositions.
Class responsibilities.
Identifying attributes and methods by
analyzing use cases and other UML
diagrams.
Objects contribute to the behavior of the
system by collaborating with one
another.
Grady Booch
In OO environment, an application is
the interactions and relationships
among its domain objects.
All objects stand in relationship to
others, on whom they rely for services
and controls.
Objects Relationships
Three types of relationships among
objects are:
Association.
Super-sub structure (also known as
generalization hierarchy).
Aggregation and a-part-of structure.
Associations
A reference from one class to another is an
association.
Basically a dependency between two or
more classes is an association.
For example, Jackie
works for John.
Associations (Cont)
Some associations are implicit or taken
from general knowledge.
Guidelines For Identifying
Associations
Association often appears as a verb in a
problem statement and represents
relationships between classes.
For example a pilot can fly planes.
Guidelines For Identifying
Associations (Cont)
Association often corresponds to verb
or prepositional phrases such as part of,
next to, works for, contained in, etc.
Common Association Patterns
Common association patterns include:
Location Association: next To, part of,
contained in, ingredient of etc. :
For example cheddar cheese is an
ingredient of the French soup.
Common Association Patterns
(Cont)
Communication associationtalk to, order
to.
For example, a customer places an order
with an operator person.
Order
Operator Customer
Eliminate Unnecessary
Associations
Implementation association. Defer
implementation-specific associations to the
design phase.
Ternary associations. Ternary or n-ary
association is an association among more
than two classes
Eliminate Unnecessary
Associations (Cont)
Directed actions (derived) associations
can be defined in terms of other
associations.
Since they are redundant you should avoid
these types of association.
Eliminate Unnecessary
Associations (Cont)
Grandparent of Ken can be defined
in terms of the parent association.
John
Ken
Grand Parent
of
John
Brian
Parent
of
Ken
Parent
of
Superclass-Subclass
Relationships
Recall that at the top of the class hierarchy
is the most general class, and from it
descend all other, more specialized
classes.
Sub-classes are more specialized versions
of their super-classes.
Guidelines For Identifying Super-
sub Relationships: Top-down
Look for noun phrases composed of
various adjectives on class name.
Example, Military Aircraft and Civilian
Aircraft.
Only specialize when the sub
classes have significant behavior.
Guidelines For Identifying Super-
sub Relationships: Bottom-up
Look for classes with similar attributes or
methods.
Group them by moving the common
attributes and methods to super class.
Do not force classes to fit a preconceived
generalization structure.
Guidelines For Identifying Super-
sub Relationships: Reusability
Move attributes and methods as high as
possible in the hierarchy.
At the same time do not create very
specialized classes at the top of hierarchy.
This balancing act can be
achieved through several
iterations.
Guidelines For Identifying Super-
sub Relationships: Multiple
inheritance
Avoid excessive use of multiple
inheritance.
It is also more difficult to understand
programs written in multiple
inheritance system.
Multiple inheritance (Cont)
One way to achieve the benefits of multiple
inheritance is to inherit from the most
appropriate class and add an object of other
class as an attribute.
In essence, a multiple inheritance can be
represented as an aggregation
of a single inheritance and
aggregation. This meta
model reflects this
situation.
Multiple Inheritance
Single Inheritance Aggregation
A-Part-of Relationship -
Aggregation
A-part-of relationship, also called
aggregation, represents the situation
where a class consists of several
component classes.
A-Part-of Relationship -
Aggregation (Cont)
This does not mean that the class
behaves like its parts.
For example, a car consists of many other
classes, one of them is a radio,
but a car does not
behave like a radio.
Engine Radio
Car
Carburetor
A-Part-of Relationship -
Aggregation (Cont)
Two major properties of a-part-of
relationship are:
transitivity
antisymmetry
Transitivity
If A is part of B and B is part of C, then A
is part of C.
For example, a carburetor is part of an
engine and an engine is part of a car;
therefore, a carburetor is part of a car.
Antisymmetry
If A is part of B, then B is not part of A.
For example, an engine is part of a car,
but a car is not part of an engine.
Where responsibilities for
certain behavior must reside?
Does the part class belong to problem
domain?
Is the part class within the system's
responsibilities?
where responsibilities ...(Cont)
Does the part class capture more than a
single value?
If it captures only a single value, then
simply include it as an attribute with the
whole class.
Does it provide a useful abstraction in
dealing with the problem domain?
A-Part-of Relationship Patterns
Assembly
An assembly-Part situation physically
exists.
For example, a French soup consists of
onion, butter, flour, wine, French bread,
cheddar cheese, etc.
A-Part-of Relationship
Patterns
Container
A case such as course-teacher situation,
where a course is considered as a
container. Teachers are assigned to
specific courses.
A-Part-of Relationship Patterns
Collection-Member
A soccer team is a collection of players.
Football Team
Player
Class Responsibility:
Identifying Attributes and
Methods
Identifying attributes and methods, like
finding classes, is a difficult activity.
The use cases and other UML diagrams
will be our guide for identifying attributes,
methods, and relationships among
classes.
Identifying Class Responsibility
by Analyzing Use Cases and
Other UML Diagrams
Attributes can be identified by
analyzing the use cases,
sequence/collaboration, activity, and
state diagrams.
Responsibility
How am I going to be used?
How am I going to collaborate with other
classes?
How am I described in the context of
this system's responsibility?
What do I need to know?
What state information do I need to
remember over time?
What states can I be in?
Assign Each Responsibility To
A Class
Assign each responsibility to the class
that it logically belongs to.
This also aids us in determining the
purpose and the role that each class
plays in the application.
Object Responsibility: Attributes
Information that the system needs to
remember.
Guidelines For Identifying
Attributes Of Classes
Attributes usually correspond to nouns
followed by possessive phrases such as
cost of the soup.
Guidelines For Identifying
Attributes Of Classes (Cont)
Keep the class simple; only state enough
attributes to define the object state.
Guidelines For Identifying
Attributes Of Classes (Cont)
Attributes are less likely to be fully
described in the problem statement.
You must draw on your
knowledge of the application
domain and the real
world to find them.
Guidelines For Identifying
Attributes Of Classes (Cont)
Omit derived attributes.
For example, don't use age as an attribute
since it can be derived from date of birth.
Drive attributes should be expressed as a
method.
Guidelines For Identifying
Attributes Of Classes (Cont)
Do not carry discovery of attributes to
excess.
You can always add more attributes in the
subsequent iterations.
Object Responsibility: Methods
& Messages
Methods and messages are the work
horses of object-oriented systems.
In O-O environment, every
piece of data, or object,
is surrounded by a rich set
of routines called methods.
Identifying Methods by
Analyzing UML Diagrams and
Use Cases
Sequence diagrams can assist us in
defining the services the objects must
provide.
Identifying Methods (Cont)
Ch e ckin g A cco u n t B a n k Clie n t
A TM
Ma ch in e
A cco u n t
Wit h d ra w Ch e ckin g A cco u n t
Wit h d ra w S u cce ssf u l
Re q u e st K in d
E n t e r K in d
Re q u e st A mo u n t
E n t e r A mo u n t
P ro ce ss Tra n sa ct io n
Tra n sa ct io n su cce e d
Disp e n se Ca sh
Re q u e st Ta ke Ca sh
Ta ke Ca sh
Re q u e st Co n t in u a t io n
Te rmin a t e
P rin t Re ce ip t
Identifying Methods (Cont)
Methods usually correspond to queries
about attributes (and sometimes
association) of the objects.
Methods are responsible for managing
the value of attributes such as query,
updating, reading and writing.
Identifying Methods (Cont)
For example, we need to ask the
following questions about soup class:
What services must a soup class
provide? And
What information (from domain
knowledge) is soup class responsible
for storing?
Identifying Methods (Cont)
Let's first take a look at its attributes
which are:
name
preparation,
price,
preparation time and
oven temperature.
Identifying Methods (Cont)
Now we need to add methods that can
maintain these attributes.
For example, we need a method to
change a price of a soup and another
operation to query about the price.
Identifying Methods (Cont)
setName
getName
setPreparation
get Preparation
setCost
getCost
setOvenTemperature
getOvenTemperature
setPreparationTime
getPreparationTime
Summary
We learned how to identify three types
of object relationships:
Association
Super-sub Structure (Generalization
Hierarchy)
A-part-of Structure
Summary (Cont)
The hierarchical relation allows the sharing
of properties or inheritance.
A reference from one class to another is an
association.
The A-Part-of Structure is a special form of
association.
Summary (Cont)
Every class is responsible for storing
certain information from domain
knowledge .
Every class is responsible for performing
operations necessary upon that
information.