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Control Valve

This document discusses control valves and their role in automatic control systems. It provides details on the main components of a control valve, including the body, trim, actuator, and positioner. It also covers control valve characteristics such as quick opening, linear, and equal percentage, and discusses how control valve capacity is determined by its flow coefficient (Cv). The key points are that control valves are the final control elements in automatic control loops and precisely control the flow of fluids and gases based on a control signal.

Uploaded by

Sridhar Gudapati
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
329 views48 pages

Control Valve

This document discusses control valves and their role in automatic control systems. It provides details on the main components of a control valve, including the body, trim, actuator, and positioner. It also covers control valve characteristics such as quick opening, linear, and equal percentage, and discusses how control valve capacity is determined by its flow coefficient (Cv). The key points are that control valves are the final control elements in automatic control loops and precisely control the flow of fluids and gases based on a control signal.

Uploaded by

Sridhar Gudapati
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 48

A CONTROL VALVE IS THE FINAL CONTROL

ELEMENT AND PLAYS A VITAL ROLE IN THE


AUTOMATIC CONTROL SYSTEM OF MODERN
PLANTS

IT IS USED:

FOR CORRECT DISTRUBUTION AND CONTROL OF

FLOWING FLUIDS AND GASES

AS A VARIABLE ORIFICE

AS THROTTLING OR MODULATING EQUIPMENT

THE OUTPUT SIGNAL HAS NO SELF CORRECTING


ACTION WHEN THE CONTROLLED VARIABLE DOESNT
MATCH THE DESIRED VALUE.
WATER IN

STEAM IN

PROCESS

STEAM OUT

TG

WATER OUT

THE OUTPUT SIGNAL HAS SELF CORRECTING ACTION


WHEN THE CONTROLLED VARIABLE DOESNT MATCH
THE DESIRED VALUE. THIS IS DUE TO THE PRESENCE OF
A FEEDBACK SIGNAL.

Control
Valve
PROCESS

TRANSMITTER
CONTROLLER
SET POINT

A CONTROL LOOP HAS THREE MAJOR COMPONENTS


SENSING ELEMENT:
A DEVICE WHICH MEASURES PROCESS VARIABLE.

CONTROLLER:
PROVIDES A CORRECTIVE OUTPUT SIGNAL.
CONTROL VALVE:

THE FINAL CONTROL ELEMENT.

CABINET

FIELD

PT

JB
JB

I/P

PV

BARRIER IN
BARRIER OUT

CSS

CATP IN
CATP OUT

DCS

PIC

1.Body
2.Yoke
3.Actuator

IT IS THE PRESSURE CARRYING PART AND


MEETS ALL THE APPLICABLE PRESSURE,
TEMPERATURE AND CORROSION
REQUIREMENTS.

BODY ASSEMBLY CONSISTS OF


HOUSING
BONNET
INTERNAL TRIM
SOME TIMES , A BOTTOM FLANGE .

GLAND
PACKING

BODY FLANGE
STEM WITH
PLUG

INLET

OUTLET
SEAT

A STRUCTURE BY WHICH THE


DIAPHRAGM ASSEMBLY IS SUPPORTED
RIGIDLY ON THE BONNET ASSEMBLY.

ACTUATOR BASE
SPRING
ADJUSTMENT

SPRING BASE
NUT
STEM COUPLING

POINTER
TRAVEL SCALE
BONNET BASE

UTILISES AIR PRESSURE / ELECTRIC


POWER / HYDRAULIC PRESSURE TO
ACT ON A DIAPHRAGM / PISTON
AND DEVELOP A FORCE TO MOVE
THE ACTUATOR STEM.

ACTUATOR CLASSIFICATION:

PNUEMATICALLY OPERATED DIAPHARGM ACTUATOR


PNUEMATICALLY OPERATED CYLINDER ACTUATOR
MOTOR OPERATED PISTON ACTUATOR

HYDRAULIC OPERATED PISTON ACTUATOR

VENT
DIAPHRAGM

PLATE

DIAPHRAGM
CASINGS

DIAPHRAGM
INPUT SIGNAL

ACTUATOR

SPRING
ACTUATOR STEM
SPRING SEAT
YOK
E
INDICATOR
GLAND STUDS

STUFFING BOX

SPRING ADJUSTER
STEM CONNECTOR
INDTR. SCALE

LOCK NUT
BONET FLANGE

GLOBE VALVE
CAGE VALVE
ANGLE VALVE
3-WAY VALVE

BALL VALVE
BUTTERFLY VALVE

MOST COMMON TYPE CONTROL VALVE


CLASSIFIED AS SINGLE SEATED AND
DOUBLE SEATED
SINGLE SEATED CONFORMS TIGHT SHUT
OFF THAN DOUBLE SEATED
DOUBLE SEATED VALVE IS HAVING HIGH
RESISTANCE TO VIBRATION AND ABRASION
THAN SINGLE SEATED

SINGLE SEATED REQUIRES BIGGER


ACTUATOR WHERE AS DOUBLE SEATED
SMALLER

APPLICABLE AT HIGH PRESSURE DIFFERENTIALS


WITH RELATIVELY SMALLER ACTUATOR
CAGE AND PLUG ARE OF MULTIPLE HOLE
CONSTUCTION AND HENCE NOISE LEVEL IS VERY LOW

ANGLE VALVES SUITABLE FOR SLURRIED

FLUID , ADHESIVE FLUID AND HIGH VISCOSITY

LIQUIDS.
SUITABLE FOR HIGH PRESSURE APPLICATION.
STRONG RESISTANCE TO VIBRATION AND WEAR

USED TO DIVIDE THE


FLOW IN TWO
DIRECTION
USED TO CONVERGE
TWO STREAM OF

FLOW INTO ONE


THREE WAY VALVE

APPLICABLE IN PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY , WHERE


STRAIGHT THROUGH FLOW PATH , TIGHT SHUT OFF
AND EASE OF OPERATION .

ALSO MOST SUITABLE FOR HANDLING OF SLURRIES


BECAUSE IT MINIMISES THE TENDENCY OF THE
METERIALS EITHER SETTLE OR STAIN .

IT HAS BEEN ACCEPTED WHERE TIGHT SHUT OFF IS A


NECESSITY OR ITS HIGH FLOW CAPACITY..

THE BUTTERFLY VALVE OFFERS THE ADVANTAGES OF


SIMPLICITY, LOW COST, LIGHT WEIGHT,AND SPACE SAVING.
BECAUSE OF THE SIMPLE BODY DESIGN, CAN BE EASILY
ADAPTED TO GIVE TIGHT SHUT-OFF .

VALVE IS SPECIALLY MEAN FOR LOW PRESSURE DROP


APPLICATION .
ACTUATOR TORQUE REQUIRED IS VERY LESS IN
COMPARISON WITH ANY OTHER VALVE .
IT HAS MAXIMUM FLOW CAPACITY .
INSTALLATION AND HANDLING IS VERY EASY .

IT IS THE RELATION BETWEEN THE FLOW RATE


THROUGH THE CONTROL VALVE AND PLUG TRAVEL
WHEN A CONSTANT PRESSURE DIFFERENTIAL IS
MAINTAINED ACROSS THE VALVE
THIS IS ACHIEVED BY VARYING THE FLUID FLOW
AREA WITH RESPECT TO THE SHAPE OF THE PLUG
IN A CERTAIN MANNER

MAIN THREE TYPES OF VALVE CHARACTERESTICS


ARE
QUICK OPENING :
THIS TYPE OF CHARACTERSTICS PROVIDES
MAXIMUM CHANGE IN FLOW RATE AT LOWER
VALVE TRAVELS
AS THE PLUG BOTTOM IS FLAT WITH A FAIRLY
LINEAR RELATIONSHIP , SO THE OPENING WITH A
SMALL SIGNAL WILL GIVE THE MAXIMUM FLOW
RATE
THE COMMON APPLICATION OF THE VALVE IS ON
-OFF

LINEAR CHARACTERSTICS:
THIS TYPE OF VALVE PROVIDES CHANGE IN
FLOW RATE WHICH IS LINEAR WITH THE
VALVE LIFT AND THUS WITH SIGNAL TO THE
VALVE

EQUAL PERCENTAGE :
THIS TYPE OF CONTROL VALVES PRODUCES A
CHANGE IN FLOW RATE WITH A CHANGE IN
LIFT WHICH IS EQUAL PERCENTAGE OF THE
FLOW BEFORE THE CHANGE WAS MADE.
THUS CHANGE IN FLOW IN FLOW RATE IS
ALWAYS PROPORTIONAL TO THE FLOW RATE
THAT EXISTS JUST BEFORE THE CHANGE IN
VALVE POSITION IS MADE

The formula which establishes the equal percentage flow characteristic is

Q = QO emX
Q = Flow Rate
QM = Maximum Controllable Flow
QO = Minimum Controllable Flow
QO = Minimum Controllable Flow
X = Valve Travel or Lift
m = Constant depends on R and T
R = Rangability = Q M / Q0
T = Maximum Valve Travel
Equal
Q = Flow QO =
Percent = (
Rate
Min
Present value
Flow
- Previous
value) /
Previous
value.
0.48
0.48
0.48
0.48
0.48
0.48
0.48
0.48
0.48

2.96
4.37
6.47
9.56
14.14
20.91
30.92
45.73
67.62
100.00

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

QM =
Max
Flow

100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100

X = Valve
Travel

0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0

m = ln R/T

3.91
3.91
3.91
3.91
3.91
3.91
3.91
3.91
3.91
3.91

mX

0.39
0.78
1.17
1.56
1.96
2.35
2.74
3.13
3.52
3.91

R/T

50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50

R=QM / T = 1
QO

50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

LIFT
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100

LINEAR
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100

EQUAL %
2.96
4.37
6.47
9.56
14.14
20.91
30.92
45.73
67.62
100

Q.O
07
24
45
68
83
92
95
98
100
100

O
L
F

STEM POSITION

IT IS DEFINED AS THE FLOW RATE OF WATER


PASSING THROUGH A CONTROL VALVE AT ITS
FULL OPEN CONDITION WHEN UNIT PRESSURE
DROP IS MAINTAINED ACROSS THE CONTROL
VALVE
USUALLY FLOW RATE IS EXPRESSED IN GPM
AND PRESSURE DROP IN PSI

BASIC FLOW RATE FORMULA


Q = K* A* SQRT {(P1-P2)/G}

IN CASE OF WATER , G =1 AND P1-P2 = 1


SO, Q = K*A
SO AS PER ABOVE DEFINITION
Cv = K*A

WHERE K= DISCHARGE
A = AREA

COEFFICIENT

NOW Q = Cv * SQRT {(P1-P2)/G}

SO , Cv = Q* SQRT {G/(P1-P2)}
WHICH IS THE RELAVENT FORMULA OF FLOW

COEFFICIENT OF CONTROL VALVE IN CASE OF


LIQUIDS .
THE SAME PROCEDURE WILL BE ADOPTED IN CASE
OF GAS FLOW , STEAM FLOW ETC. IN SUITABLE
MODIFICATION OF WORKING FORMULA.

CORRECT FLOW CONDITIONS ARE TO BE


CONSIDERED
PRESSURE DROP ACROSS THE VALVE TO BE
CONSIDERED AT MAXIMUM FLOW CONDITION
MAXIMUM FLOW QUANTITY THAT CAN BE
HANDLE BY THE VALVE ,WHICH MAY BE 30 - 50 %
HIGHER THAN THE MAXIMUM PROCESS FLOW
SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF THE FLOWING FLUID TO BE
KNOWN

CORRECT FLOW CORRECTIONS ARE TO BE


CONSIDERED
PRESSURE DROP ACROSS THE VALVE TO BE
CONSIDERED AT MAXIMUM FLOW CONDITION
MAXIMUM FLOW QUANTITY THAT CAN BE
HANDLE BY THE VALVE ,WHICH MAY BE 30 - 50 %
HIGHER THAN THE MAXIMUM PROCESS FLOW
SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF THE FLOWING FLUID TO BE
KNOWN

IN GENERAL, EVERY MANIFACTURER IS HAVING


THEIR SPECIALLY DESIGNED DATA SHEET
CONSIDERING THE CRITICAL FLOW , CAVITATION ,
FLASHING AND VALVE NOISE OF THE GIVEN
PROCESS CONDITION

WHEN THE CALCULATED Cv VALUE IS KNOWN TO


THEM THEY CAN EASILY SELECT AND SIZE OF THE
CONTROL VALVE FROM THE DATA SHEET

AIR FILTER REGULATOR


VALVE POSITIONER
VOLUME BOOSTER
QUICK EXHAUST
AIR LOCK RELAY
LIMIT SWITCHES
SOLENOID VALVE
POSITION TRANSMITTERS

ROLE OF VALVE POSITIONER:


SMOOTH CONTROL

CHANGING OF OPERATION MODE


ACHIEVING SPLIT RANGE

REDUCING TIME LAG


CHANGING VALVE CHARACTERSTICS

SPRING
BELLOWS DEFLECTION
VALVE

NOZZLE
EXHAUST
RELAY VALVE

RESTRICTION
I/P SIGNAL

C.V.STEM

STROKE

CLASS I
CLASS II

0.5% RATED VALVE CAPACITY

CLASS III

0.1 % RATED VALVE CAPACITY

CLASS IV

0.01% RATED VALVE CAPACITY

CLASS V

CLASS VI

NOT SPECIFIED

5*10-4ml per min. OF WATER PER


INCH OF ORIFICE DIAMETER
PER PSI DIFFERENTIAL
LEAKAGE EXCPRESSED IN ML
PER MINUTE VERSUS PORT
DIAMETER

1
2

AVOID IF
POSSIBLE

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