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What Is Renewable Energy ?

Renewable energy comes from natural sources like sunlight, wind, water and biomass that are continually replenished. It is a clean and sustainable alternative to conventional energy sources that will never run out. Renewable energy technologies harness renewable sources to generate electricity without the environmental impacts of fossil fuels. The document provides examples of renewable energy sources like solar, wind and hydropower and discusses how electricity is generated from both renewable and non-renewable primary sources.

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55 views38 pages

What Is Renewable Energy ?

Renewable energy comes from natural sources like sunlight, wind, water and biomass that are continually replenished. It is a clean and sustainable alternative to conventional energy sources that will never run out. Renewable energy technologies harness renewable sources to generate electricity without the environmental impacts of fossil fuels. The document provides examples of renewable energy sources like solar, wind and hydropower and discusses how electricity is generated from both renewable and non-renewable primary sources.

Uploaded by

ASR REDDY
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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What is

Renewable
energy ?

ALTERNATIVE/RENEWABLE
ENERGY

any sustainable energy source


that comes from natural
environment.

It means energy is generated from


absolutely natural powers and this
energy sources can be replenished.

CONCLUSION
we need renewable energy

Renewable energy technologies are clean sources


of energy that have a much lower environmental
impact than conventional energy technologies.
Renewable energy will not run out. Ever. Other
sources of energy are finite and will some day be
depleted.

Natural energy sources


SOLAR ENERGY (the power comes
from the sun and it can turned into
electricity and heat)
WIND POWER (conversion of wind
energy into electricity)
HYDRO POWER ( the power of water)
BIOMASS (organic materials from
plants)

Renewable vs. Non-renewable

What is an electricity?
Electricity is the flow of electrical power or
charge.
It is a secondary energy source which means
that we get it from the conversion of other
sources of energy, like coal, natural gas, oil,
nuclear power and other natural sources, which
are called primary sources.
The energy sources we use to make
electricity can be renewable or non-renewable,
but electricity itself is neither renewable or

THE SCIENCE OF ELECTRICITY


Atoms are the building blocks of the universe.
Atoms are made of even smaller particles.
The center of an atom is called the nucleus. It
is made of particles called protons and
neutrons. The protons and neutrons are very
small, but electrons are much, much smaller.
Electrons spin around the nucleus in shells a
great distance from the nucleus.
Atom would look like a tiny center of balls
surrounded by giant invisible bubbles (or shells).
The electrons would be on the surface of the
bubbles, constantly spinning and moving to stay
as far away from each other as possible.
Electrons are held in their shells by an electrical
force.

The protons and electrons of an atom are


attracted to each other. They both carry an
electrical charge. An electrical charge is a
force within the particle.
Protons have a positive charge (+) and
electrons have a negative charge (-). The
positive charge of the protons is equal to the
negative charge of the electrons. Opposite
charges attract each other.
When an atom is in balance, it has an
equal number of protons and electrons. The
neutrons carry no charge and their number

The number of protons in an atom


determines the kind of atom, or element, it
is. An element is a substance in which all of
the atoms are identical.
The electrons in the shells closest to the
nucleus have a strong force of attraction to
the protons. Sometimes, the electrons in the
outermost shells do not. These electrons can
be pushed out of their orbits. Applying a force
can make them move from one atom to
another. These moving electrons are
electricity.

How is electricity
generated
A generator is a device that converts mechanical energy
into electrical energy. The process is based on the
relationship between magnetism and electricity.when a
magnet is moved inside a coil of wire, electrical current
flows in the wire.
A typical generator at a power plant uses an
electromagnet-a magnet produced by electricity-not a
traditional magnet. The generator has a series of insulated
coils of wire that form a stationary cylinder. This cylinder
surrounds a rotary electromagnetic shaft.
When the electromagnetic shaft rotates, it induces a
small electric current in each section of the wire coil.
Each section of the wire becomes a small, separate
electric conductor.The small currents of individual

Selection of primary distribution


voltage

In wind farms power is generated at 400 KV. The utility


grid will be generally at 230 KV or above. Transformation from
400 V to 230 KV directly would not be economical and also
prudent practice.
Hence, normally the 400 V is stepped up to an intermediate
voltage level say,11KV or 33KV. For longer distances and
higher power evacuation 33KV would be economical. Hence
primary distribution is at 33KV.
A Transformer located at the bottom of the wind energy
generator converts the 3 phase AC power generated by WEC
at 400V to 33,000V, i.e., 33KV. At WEC the energy is
produced at a relatively low voltage of 400V, then stepped up
by the tower mounted transformer to a higher voltage (33 KV
AC) for transmission over long distances.

Design of an Evacuation
Sub-station

Imp. Considerations in substation


design
Safety of personnel and equipment
Reliability and Security
Adherence to
Statutory obligations
I.E. rules, Environmental aspects
Electrical design considerations
Structural design considerations
Ease of maintenance
Possibility to Expand

FUNCTIONS OF EVACUATION SUBSTATION


Evacuation substations are designed to accomplish the
following functions:
Connect wind energy convertors to the systems.
Change voltage from one level to other with out
changing the frequency.
To measure electric power and quantify for
payment(bulk metering).
Regulate voltage to compensate for system voltage
changes.
Switch transmission (switching stations) and
distribution circuits into and out of grid system
Measure electric power qualities flowing in the circuits.
Eliminate lightning and other electrical surges from the
system.

Functions of substation equipments


Equipment

Function

1. Bus-Bar

Incoming & outgoing ckts. Connected to bus-bar

2. Circuit Breaker

Automatic switching during normal or abnormal


conditions

3. Isolators

Disconnection under no-load condition for safety,


isolation and maintenance.

4. Earthing switch

To discharge the voltage on dead lines to earth

5. Current Transformer

To step-down currents for measurement, control


& protection

6. Voltage Transformer

To step-down voltages for measurement, control


& protection

7. Lightning Arrester

To discharge lightning over voltages and


switching over voltages to earth

Functions of substation equipments Contd


8. Shunt reactor

To control over voltages by providing reactive


power compensation

9. Neutral-Grounding
resistor

To limit earth fault current

10. Coupling capacitor

To provide connection between high voltage line


& PLCC equipment

11. Line Trap

To prevent high frequency signals from entering


other zones.

12. Shunt capacitors

To provide compensations to reactive loads of


lagging power factors

13. Power Transformer

To step-up or step-down the voltage and


transfer power from one a.c. voltage another
a.c. voltage at the same frequency.

14. Series Capacitor

Compensation of long lines.

Functions of Associated system in substation


System

Function

1. Substation Earthing system


-- Earthmat
-- Earthing spikes
-- Earthing risers

To provide an earthmat for connecting


neural points, equipment body, support
structures to earth. For safety of
personnel and for enabling earth fault
protection. To provide the path for
discharging the earth currents from
neutrals, faults, Surge Arresters,
overheads shielding wires etc. with safe
step-potential and touch potential.

2. Overhead earth wire


shielding or Lightning masts.

To protect the outdoor substation


equipment from lightning strokes.

3. Illumination system (lighting)


-- for switchyard
-- buildings
-- roads etc.

Contd..
4. Protection system
-- protection relay panels
-- control cables
-- circuit breakers
-- CTs, VTs etc.

To provide alarm or automatic tripping of


faulty part from healthy part and also to
minimize damage to faulty equipment and
associated system.

5. Control cable

For Protective circuits, control circuits,


metering circuits, communication circuits

6. Power cable

To provide supply path to various auxiliary


equipment and machines.

7. PLCC system power line


carries communication system
-- line trap
-- coupling capacitor
-- PLCC panels

For communication, telemetry, telecontrol, power line carrier protection etc.

8. Fire Fighting system


-- Sensors, detection system
-- water spray system
-- fire prot. panels, alarm system
-- watertank and spray system

To sense the occurrence of fire by


sensors and to initiate water spray,
to disconnect power supply to
affected region to pin-point location
of fire by indication in control room.

9. Auxiliary standby power system


-- diesel generator sets
-- switchgear
-- distribution system

For supplying starting power,


standby power for auxiliaries

10. Telephone, telex, microwave,


OPF

For internal and external


communication

400kV Circuit Breaker

400kV Isolator

400kV Current Transformer

400kV CVT

400kV Surge Arrester

Transformer
A transformer is a static piece of apparatus by means of which
electric power in one circuit is transformed into electric power of the
same frequency in another circuit. It can raise or lower the voltage
in a circuit but with a corresponding decrease or increase in current.
Principle: A transformer is a device that
Transfers electric power from one circuit to another.
It does so without a change of frequency.
It accomplishes this by electromagnetic induction and
where the two circuit are in mutual inductive influence of each
other.

Internal & External lines


Internal lines are over head lines
that connect the tower mounted
transformer and the VCB yard. The
conductor is usually(Aluminum
conductor steel reinforced). The
conductors are supported at every 50
meter by electric pole.
External lines connect two are more
VCB yards to a power evacuation
substation. The choice of the conductor
is similar to internal lines. Normally,
ACSR coyote or Panther conductor is
used for external lines.

VCB & METERING YARD


A circuit breaker is an automatically-operated
electrical switch designed to protect an electrical circuit
from damage caused by overload or short circuit. Its
basic function is to detect a fault condition and, by
interrupting continuity, to immediately discontinue
electrical flow.
Vacuum circuit breakerWith rated current up to 3000
A, these breakers interrupt the current by creating and
extinguishing the arc in a vacuum container.
These are also operated by current sensing protective
relays operated through Current transformers.
These are generally applied for voltages up to about
35,000 V,
which
corresponds roughly to the medium-voltage range of
power systems.

ELECTRICAL CLEARANCES
1. MIN.GROUND CLEARANCE
2. MIN.CLEARANCE ABOVE HIGHEST FLOOD LEVEL
3. CLEARACE AND SWING ANGLES
4. AIR CLEARANCE
5. POWER LINE CROSSINGS
6. TELECOM.LINE CROSSINGS
7. RAIL TRACK CROSSINGS

36

Clearances to Ground and Roads(distance


in Meters)
Sl.N
o
Description
11 KV
33 KV

Minimum vertical clearance


to over head line conductor

a) Across the street

6.1

5.8

5.2

6.1

5.8

5.2

b) Along the street


c)At other places

Clearances to Buildings (distance in Meters)


Sl.No
1
2

Description
Minimum vertical clearance
to buildings
Minimum horizontal
clearance to buildings

11 KV

33 KV

3.7

3.7

1.32

1.82

Clearances to Communication lines (Distance in meters)


Sl.No
1

Description
Minimum vertical clearance
between power and communication
lines

11 KV

33 KV

2.14

2.44

Clearances between power lines when crossing each


other
(Distance in meters)
Sl.No

Description

11 KV

33 KV

11 KV and 33 KV

2.44

2.44

132 KV

3.05

3.05

220 KV

4.58

4.58

400 KV

5.49

5.49

800 KV

7.94

7.94

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