PIC Microcontroller

Instruction Set

Outline
Instruction

set
Instruction description
Assembler directives

Instruction Set
PIC16Cxx

@
PIC16Fxx: 14bit word
(opcode)
Byte-oriented,
bit-oriented &
literal and
control

Instruction Set

cont

Instruction
Descriptions

ADDLW K
Add

the literal value K to register WREG and

put the result back in the WREG register
(W) + k (W)
K is an 8-bit value: 0-255 (decimal), 00-FF
(hex)
L: literal (actual value)
Affect STATUS bits: C, DC, Z

ADDLW K
Instruction:

ADDLW 15H

Before

After

W = 10H

W = 25H

cont

ADDWF f, d
Add

together contents of WREG and a file

register location (SFR @ GPR).
Put the result in the register WREG if d = 0
otherwise it is stored back in register f.
(W) + (f) (d)
0 f 127, d [0, 1]
Affect STATUS bits: C, DC, Z

ADDWF f, d
Instruction:

MOVLW
ADDWF

cont

17H
5H, 0

Before

After

W = 0H
5H = 0H

W = 17H
5H = 0H

MOVF

f, d

Move the content of f register upon the status of

d
(f) (d)
Affect bit Z of STATUS register

Instruction: MOVF
Before
W = 09AH
FSR = 0H

FSR, 0
After

W = value in FSR register

Z=1

MOVLW

Load k literal into WREG register

k (W)
Dont cares will be assembled as 0s
Not affect bit of STATUS register

Instruction: MOVLW
Before
W = 09AH

After
W = 5AH

5AH

MOVWF f
Move data from WREG register to f register
(W) (f)
Not affect bit of STATUS register

Instruction: MOVWF
Before
PORTB = 00H
W = 09AH

PORTB
After

PORTB = 09AH
W = 09AH

Review
1.

2.

3.

4.

Write instructions to move value 34H into the

WREG register.
Write instructions to add the values 16H and
CDH. Place the result in the WREG register.
True or false. No value can be moved
directly into the WREG register.
What is the largest hex value that can be
moved into an 8-bit register? What is the
decimal equivalent of that hex value?

Review
5. What is the result of the following code and
where is it kept?
MOVLW
ADDLW
6.

15H
13H

Which of the following is (are) illegal?

(a)
(c)
(e)
(g)

MOVLW
MOVLW
MOVLW
MOVLW

500
(b) MOVLW 50
00
(d) MOVLW 255H
25H
(f) MOVLW F5H
mybyte, 50H

Review
7.

Which of the following is (are) illegal?

(a)
(c)
(e)
(g)

ADDLW
ADDLW
ADDLW
ADDLW

300H
$500
12H
25H

(b) ADDLW 50H

(d) ADDLW 255H
(f) ADDLW 0F5

8. True or false. We have many WREG

registers in the PIC16.
9. The literal value in MOVLW is _____ bits
wide.

Review
10. The instruction MOVLW 44H is a ____-byte
instruction.
11. True or false. All the instructions in the
PIC16 are 2-cycle instructions.
12. Give the value in WREG for the following:
MYCOUNT
MOVLW

EQU
15
MYCOUNT

Review
13. Give the value in fileReg 0x20 for the following:
MYCOUNT
MYREG
MOVLW
MOVWF

EQU
0x95
EQU
0x20
MYCOUNT
MYREG

14. Give the value in fileReg 0x63 for the following:

MYDATA
MYREG
FACTOR
MOVLW
ADDLW
MOVWF

EQU
D12
EQU
0x63
EQU
0x10
MYDATA
FACTOR
MYREG

Review
15. Find the C, Z and DC flag bits for the
following code:
MOVLW
ADDLW

9FH
61H

16. Find the C, Z and DC flag bits for the

following:
MOVLW
ADDLW

82H
22H

ANDLW k
Logical

AND k literal with the content of WREG

register & the result is placed in the WREG register
(W) AND k (W)
Affect Z bit of STATUS register

Instruction:
Before
W = A3H

ANDLW

5FH

After
W = 03H

ANDWF f, d

AND the WREG register with f register

(W) + (f) (d)
Affect Z bit of STATUS register

Instruction:

ANDWF

Before
W = 17H
FSR = 0C2H

FSR, 1

After
W = 17H
FSR = 02H

BCF

f, b

Clear bit b in file register

0 (f<b>)
Not affect on STATUS register

Instruction:

BCF STATUS, 5

Before

After

STATUS = 0A7H STATUS = 087H

BSF

f, b

Set bit b in f register

1 (f<b>)
Not affect on STATUS register

Instruction:

BSF INTCON, 7

Before

After

INTCON = 0BH

INTCON = 08BH

BTFSS

f, b

Execute the next instruction if bit b in file register f is

0, otherwise discard executing next instruction
2-cycle instruction
Not affect on STATUS register

Instruction: H BTFSS STATUS, 2

I GOTO
J

Before
PC = address H

LOOP

After
PC = Add. J if STATUS<2> = 1,
PC = Add. I if STATUS<2> = 0

BTFSC

f, b

Execute the next instruction if bit b in file register f is

1, otherwise discard executing next instruction
2-cycle instruction
Not affect on STATUS register

Instruction: H BTFSC PORTA, 3

I GOTO
J

LOOP

Before

After

PC = address H

PC = Add. J if PORTA<3> = 0,
PC = Add. I if PORTA<3> = 1

Review
Assume RA3 is an input, represents condition of a door
alarm. If it goes LOW, it means that the door is opened.
Create a program to monitor the bit continuously.
Whenever it goes LOW, send a HIGH pulse to port RB5
and turn on buzzer

HERE

OFF

BSF
BSF
BCF
BCF
BTFSC
GOTO
BSF
GOTO
BCF
GOTO

03H, 5
85H, 3
86H, 5
03H, 5
05H, 3
OFF
6H, 5
HERE
6H, 5
HERE

Vcc

PIC
RA3

RB5

CALL

Call subroutine
(PC) + 1 TOS (top of stack)
k PC<10:0>
(PCLATCH<4:3>) PC<12:11>
2-cycle instruction
Not affect on STATUS register

Instruction: SO CALL THEN

Before

After

PC = add. SO

PC = add. THEN;
TOS = add. SO+1

CLRF

Clear the content of f register

00h (f)
1Z

Instruction: CLRF PORTA

Before
PORTA = 5AH

After
PORTA = 00H
Z=1

CLRW
Clear the content WREG register
00h (W)
1Z

Instruction: CLRW
Before
W = 5AH

After
W = 00H
Z=1

COMP

f, d

Complement the content of f register

(f) (d)

Instruction: COMP
Before
ONE = 13H
W = 02H

ONE, 0
After

ONE = 13H
W = 0ECH

DECF

f, d

Decrease f register
(f) 1 (d)

Instruction: DECF
Before
CNT = 01H
Z=0

CNT, 1
After
CNT = 00H
Z=1

DECFSZ

f, d

Decrease f register and skip the next instruction if the result is 0;

otherwise execute the next instruction
(f) 1 (d), skip if result = 0
2-cycle instruction

Instruction:

HERE

DECFSZ CNT, 1
GOTO HERE
CONT
..

Before

After

PC = add. HERE

CNT = CNT - 1
PC = add. CONT if CNT = 0;
PC = add. HERE + 1 if CNT 0

GOTO

Unconditional branch
k PC<10:0>
(PCLATCH<4:3>) PC<12:11>
2-cycle instruction

Instruction: HERE

THERE

GOTO THERE

Before

After

PC = add. HERE

PC = add. THERE

Review
Toggle all the bits of the Port B by sending to it the values 55H and AAH continuously.
Put a time delay in between each issuing of data to Port B.
MYREG

EQU
0x08
ORG
0
BACK
MOVLW
0x55
MOVWF
PORTB
CALL
DELAY
MOVLW
0xAA
MOVWF
PORTB
CALL
DELAY
GOTO
BACK
;this is the delay subroutine
ORG
300H
DELAY
MOVLW
0xFF
MOVWF
MYREG
AGAIN
NOP
NOP
DECFSZ
MYREG, F
GOTO
AGAIN
RETURN
END

INCF f, d

Increase the content of f register

(f) + 1 (d)
d is destination

Instruction: INCF SATU, 1

Before
SATU = 0FFH

After
SATU = 00H
Z=1

INCFSZ

f, d

Increase the content of f register and skip the next instruction if the
result is 0; otherwise execute the next instruction
(f) + 1 (d), skip if result = 0
2-cycle instruction

Instruction: HERE
CONT

INCFSZ CNT, 1
GOTO
loop

..

Before

After

PC = add. HERE

CNT = CNT + 1
PC = add. CONT if CNT = 0;
else add. HERE + 1

Review
The difference between INCF f, W & INCF f, F
MOVLW
MOVWF
INCF
INCF
INCF
INCF
INCF
INCF
INCF
INCF

O
Ox20
0x20, W
0x20, W
0x20, W
0x20, F
0x20, F
0x20
0x20
0x20, W

;WREG = 0
;0x20 = (0), WREG = 1
;0x20 = (0), WREG = 1
;0x20 = (0), WREG = 1
;0x20 = (1), WREG = 1
;0x20 = (2), WREG = 1
;0x20 = (3), WREG = 1
;0x20 = (4), WREG = 1
;0x20 = (4), WREG = 5

IORLW

Inclusive OR literal k with the content of WREG

register
(W) OR k (W)
Affect bit Z of STATUS register

Instruction: IORLW
Before
W = 09AH
Z=?

35H
After

W = 0BFH
Z=0

IORWF

f, d

Inclusive OR the content of WREG register with f

register
(W) OR (f) (d)
Affect bit Z of STATUS register

Instruction: IORWF
Before
RESULT = 13H
W = 91H

RESULT, 0
After

RESULT = 13H
W = 93H
Z=0

Review
Find the contents of register WREG after
execution of the following code:
MOVLW
IORLW
XORLW

0
0x99
0xFF

NOP

No operation

Instruction: NOP

RETFIE
Return from interrupt
TOS PC
1 GIE (Global Interrupt Enable)
Not affect bit of STATUS register

Instruction: RETFIE
Before

After
PC = TOS
GIE = 1

RETLW

Return with loading literal k onto WREG

register, k (W)
TOS PC
Not affect on STATUS register

Instruction: RETLW
Before
W = 09AH

088H
After

W = 088H

RETURN
Return from subroutine
POP the TOS and load into the PC
2-cycle instruction

Instruction: RETURN
Before

After
PC = TOS

RLF f, d

Rotate left f through carry

Affect bit C of STATUS register

Instruction: RLF

REG, 1

Before

After

REG = 1111 1111 = 0FFH

C=0

REG = 1111 1110 = 0FEH

C=1

RRF f, d

Rotate right f through carry

Affect bit C of STATUS register

Instruction: RRF

REG, 1

Before

After

REG = 1111 0111 = 0F7H

C=0

REG = 0111 1011 = 07BH

C=1

Review
Find the contents of file register MYREG after
execution of the following code:
MYREG EQU
BCF
MOVLW
MOVWF
RRF
RRF
RRF

0x20
STATUS, C
0x26
MYREG
MYREG, F
MYREG, F
MYREG, F

;C=0
;WREG=0010 0110
;MYREG=0001 0011 C=0
;MYREG=0000 1001 C=1
;MYREG=1000 0100 C=1

Review
Find the contents of file register MYREG after
execution of the following code:
MREG

EQU
BSF
MOVLW
MOVWF
RLF
RLF
RLF
RLF

0x20
STATUS, C
0x15
MYREG
MYREG, F
MYREG, F
MYREG, F
MYREG, F

;C=1
;WREG=0001 0101
;MYREG=0010 1011
;MYREG=0101 0110
;MYREG=1010 1100
;MYREG=0101 1000

C=0
C=0
C=0
C=1

SLEEP
00h WDT
0 WDT prescalar
1 TO
0 PD
Affect TO & PD bits of STATUS register

Instruction: SLEEP

SUBLW

Subtract WREG register (2s complement) from literal k

and put the result onto WREG register
k (W) (W)
Affect C, DC & Z bits of STATUS register

Instruction: SUBLW

02H

Before

After

W = 01H
C=?
Z=?

W = 01H
C=1
Z=0

SUBWF f, d

Subtract WREG register (2s complement) from f register

(f) (W) (d)
Affect C, DC & Z bits of STATUS register

Instruction: SUBWF

02H, 0

Before

After

W = 01H
F = 05H
C=?
Z=?

W = 04H
F = 05H
C=1
Z=0

Review
Show the steps involved in the following.
MOVLW
SUBLW
K
= 3F
- WREG = 23
1C

0x23
0x3F

0011 1111
0010 0011

0011 1111
+ 1101 1101 (2s complement)
1 0001 1100
C = 1, Z = 0 (result is +ve)

SWAPF f, d
Exchange the upper & lower nibbles of f register
(f<3:0) (d<7:4>), (f<7:4) (d<3:0>)
Not affect STATUS register

Instruction: SWAPF
Before
ON = 0F4H
W = 09AH

ON, 1

After
ON = 04FH
W = 09AH

Review
Find the contents of the MYREG register in the
following code.
MYREG

EQU
MOVLW
MOVWF
SWAPF

0x20
0x72
MYREG
MYREG, F

;WREG = 72H
;MYREG = 72H
;MYREG = 27H

XORLW k
Exclusive OR (XOR) the content of WREG
register with k literal
(W) XOR k (W)
Store the result in WREG register
Affect bit Z of STATUS register

Instruction: XORLW
Before
W = 0B5H

0AFH
After
W = 01AH

XORWF f, d
Exclusive OR (XOR) the content of WREG
register with f register
(W) XOR (f) (d)
Affect bit Z of STATUS register

Instruction: XORWF
Before
REG = 0AFH
W = 0B5H

REG, 1
After
REG = 01AH
W = 0B5H

Review
Show the results of the following:
MOVLW
XORLW

0x54
0x78

54H = 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0
78H = 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0
2CH = 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0
54H XOR 78H = 2CH, Z = 0

Assembler Directives
Also known as pseudo-instructions
Give directions to assembler
EQU, ORG, END

EQU directive:

Define a constant value or a fixed address

COUNT
.
MOVLW

EQU
COUNT

0x25

Assembler Directives
Using EQU for fixed data assignment:
;in hexadecimal
DATA1
EQU
DATA2
EQU
DATA3
EQU
DATA4
EQU
DATA5
EQU

39
0x39
39H
H39
h39

;in binary
DATA6
DATA7

B00110101
b00110101

EQU
EQU

;in decimal
DATA8
EQU
DATA9
EQU

D28
d28

;in ASCII
DATA10
DATA11
DATA12

A2
a2
2

EQU
EQU
EQU

Assembler Directives
Using EQU for SFR address assignment:
COUNTER
PORTB
MOVLW
MOVWF
INCF
INCF
INCF

EQU
0x00
EQU
0x06
COUNTER
PORTB
PORTB, F
PORTB, F
PORTB, F

Assembler Directives
Using EQU for RAM address assignment:
MYREG
MOVLW
MOVWF
MOVLW
ADDWF
ADDWF
ADDWF

EQU
0x12
0
MYREG
22H
MYREG, F
MYREG, F
MYREG, F

Assembler Directives

cont

SET directive:

Define a constant value or a fixed address

Identical with EQU directive, the only difference
is the value assigned by the SET directive may
be reassigned later

END directive:

Indicate the end of the source (asm) file

Assembler Directives

cont

LIST directive:

Unique to PIC assembler

Indicate specific PIC chip for which the program
should be assembled
LIST P = 16F84A

#include directive:

Tells the PIC assembler to use the libraries

associated with the specific chip to compile the
program

Assembler Directives

cont

_config directive:

Tells the assembler the configuration bits for the target

device
Incorrect use may cause the chip unusable
CONFIG
CONFIG

OSC=HS
WDT=OFF

radix directive:

Indicate numbering system whether it is hexadecimal or

decimal
RADIX

DEC