BIOEN 442: Microprocessor

Chapter 5 – ARITHMETIC, LOGIC INSTRUCTIONS, AND PROGRAMS

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Week 9
Biomedical Engineering Department
College of Engineering
Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia
Today's topic

0- Course 1- Pic 2- PIC Architecture PIC

Overview /Introduction Microcontrollers:history Programming using
to Computing and features Assembly Language

5-Arithmetic, Logic
3-Branch, Call and Time 4-PIC I/O Port
Instructions, and
Delay Loop Programming
Programs

17- Motor Control:

12-LCD and Keypad 13- ADC, DAC and
Relay, PWM, DC and
Interfacing sensor interfacing
Stepper Motors

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Today’s lecture
 Code subtraction and multiplication instructions for
unsigned data
 Concept of signed numbers
 Perform logic operations
 AND
 OR
 EX-OR

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Subtraction of unsigned numbers
There are two different instructions for subtraction:

SUB and SUBB (subtract with borrow)

 The PIC18 has four instructions for subtraction:

1. SUBLW
2. SUBWF
3. SUBWFB
4. SUBFWB

The last two instructions are used to subtract with borrow and
C (carry) flag for the borrow. 4
SUBLW K (WREG = K- WREG)
In subtraction, the PIC microcontrollers use the 2's complement
method.

Assuming that the PIC is executing a simple subtract instruction

and that C= 0 prior to the execution of the instruction

 The SUBLW instruction for unsigned numbers as follows:

1. Take the 2's complement of the subtrahend (WREG

operand).
2. Add it to the minuend (K operand).

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Example 5-5
 Show the steps involved in the following

1101 1100
+1
1101 1101

 The flags would be set as follows:

C=1
 N = 0 (notice that D7 is the negative flag).
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 After the execution of SUB, if N = 0 (or C = 1), the result is
positive.

 If N = 1 (or C = 0), the result is negative and the destination has

the 2's complement of the result.

 Normally, the result is left in 2's complement, but the NEGF

(negate, which is 2's complement) instruction can be used to
change it.

 Another SUB instruction in PIC is SUBWF

(Destination = fileReg - WREG).

 This is shown in Example 5-6 along with the NEGF instruction

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Example 5-5
Write a program to subtract 4C - 6E.

1101 1110 (DE)

0010 0001
+1
0010 0010 (22)

After SUBWF, N= 1 (or C = 0), and the result is negative, in 2's

complement. Then it falls through and NEGF will be executed. The NEGF
instruction will take the 2's complement, and we have MYREG = 22H 8
SUBWFB (dest = fileReg- W- Borrow) subtract

with borrow
This instruction is used for multibyte numbers and will take care of the
borrow of the lower byte. If C = 0 prior to executing the SUBWFB
instruction, it also subtracts 1 from the result
 Example: 5-7 Write a program to subtract two 16- bit numbers. The numbers
are 2762H- 1296H. Assume fileReg location 6 = (62) and location 7 = (27).
Place the difference in fileReg locations 6 and 7; loc 6 should have the lower
byte

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Concept of signed numbers in computers
In everyday life, numbers are used that could be positive or
negative.
For example, a temperature of 5 degrees below zero can be
represented as -5, and 20 degrees above zero as +20.

The following arrangement for the representation of signed

positive and negative numbers:

The most significant bit (MSB) is set aside for the sign (+ or -),
while the rest of the bits are used for the magnitude.

The sign is represented by 0 for positive (+) numbers and 1 for

negative (-) numbers.
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Signed 8-bit operands
 In signed byte operands, D7 (MSB) is the sign and DO to D6
are set aside for the magnitude of the number.

 If D7 = 0, the operand is positive

 If D7= 1, it is negative.

 The N flag in the status register is the D7 bit.

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Negative numbers
 For negative numbers, D7 is 1; however, the magnitude is
represented in its 2 's complement.

 The assembler does the conversion, it is still important to

understand how the conversion works.

 To convert to negative number representation (2's

complement), follow these steps:

1) Write the magnitude of the number in 8-bit binary (no sign).

2) Invert each bit.
3) Add 1 to it

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Example 5-10
Show how the PIC would represent -5.

Therefore, -5 = FBH, the signed number representation in 2's

complement for -5.

The D7 = N = 1 indicates that the number is negative 13

Example 5-11
Show how the PIC would represent -34H.

Therefore, -34 = CCH, the signed number representation in 2's

complement for 34H.

The D7 = N = 1 indicates that the number is negative 14

Example 5-12
Show how the PIC would represent -128.

Therefore, -128 = 80H, the signed number representation in 2's

complement for -128. The D7 = N = 1 indicates that the number is
negative.

Notice that 128 (binary10000000) in unsigned representation is

the same as signed -128 (binary 10000000). 15
 Overflow problem in signed number
operations
When using signed numbers, a serious problem
arises. This is the overflow problem. The PIC indicates
the existence of an error by raising the OV (overflow)
flag.

What is an overflow?

If the result of an operation on signed numbers is too

large for the register, an overflow has occurred and the
programmer must be notified. Look at Example 5-13.
(Next slide)
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Positive numbers
 The range of positive numbers that can be represented by the
format is 0 to +127.

 If a positive number is larger than +127, a 16-bit operand must

be used. Because the PIC18 does not support 16-bit data, we will
not discuss it.

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The range of byte-sized negative numbers is -1 to -128. The
following lists byte-sized signed number ranges

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Example 5-13
Examine the following code and analyze the result, including the
N and OV flags.

According to the CPU, the result is negative (N = 1), which is

wrong. The CPU sets OV= 1 to indicate the overflow error.
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 In Example 5-13, +96 is added to +70 and the result,
according to the CPU, was -90. Why?

 The reason is that the result was larger than what

WREG could contain. Like all other 8-bit registers,
WREG could only contain up to +127.

 The designers of the CPU created the overflow flag

specifically for the purpose of informing the
programmer that the result of the signed number
operation is erroneous.

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When is the OV flag set?
 In 8-bit signed number operations, OV is set to 1 if either of
the following two conditions occurs:

1. There is a carry from 06 to 07 but no carry out of 07 (C = 0).

2. There is a carry from 07 out (C = 1) but no carry from 06 to 07

 In other words, the overflow flag is set to 1 if there is a carry

from 06 to 07 or from 07 out, but not both.

 This means that if there is a carry both from 06 to 07 and from

07 out, OV = 0.

 In Example 5-13, because there is only a carry from 06 to 07

and no carry from 07 out, OV = 1
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Example 5-14
Observe the following, noting the role of the OV and N flags:

 The result is +126, which is wrong, and OV = 1

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Example 5-15
 Observe the following, noting the role of the OV and N flags

0000 0010 (-2)

1111 1101
+1
1111 1110 (+2)

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Example 5-16
 Examine the following, noting the role of the OV and N flags

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LOGIC INSTRUCTIONS
AND
ANDLW K ;WREG WREG AND K
 This instruction will perform a logical AND on the two operands and place
the result in WREG.

 The AND instruction will affect the Z and N flags.

 N is D7 of the result, and Z = 1 if the result is zero.

 The AND instruction is often used to mask

(set to 0) certain bits of an operand

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Example 5-17
 Show the results of the following.

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OR
IORLW K ;WREG WREG Inclusive-OR K
 This instruction will perform a logical OR on the
two operands and place the result in WREG..

 The OR instruc­tion will affect the Z and N flags.

 N is D7 of the result and Z = 1 if the result is zero.

 The OR instruc­tion can be used to set certain bits

of an operand to 1.

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 Show the results of the following.

3F 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1

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EX-OR
XORLW K ;WREG = WREG XOR K
 This instruction will perform a logical EX-OR on the two operands and
place the result in WREG.

 The EX-OR instruction will affect the Z and N flags. N is D7 of the

result and Z = I if result is zero. See Examples 5-19 and 5-20.

 EX-OR can also be used to see if two registers have the same value.
"XORWF fileReg, W" will EX-OR the WREG register and a fileReg
location, and put the result in WREG.

 If both registers have the same value, 00 is placed in WREG. Then we can
use the BZ instruction to make a decision based on the result. See
Examples 5-20 and 5-21
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Example: 5-19

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EX-OR
The EX-OR instruction can be used to test the contents of a register by EX-
ORing it with a known value. In the following code, we show how EX-ORing
value 45H with itself will raise the Z flag:

EX-ORing a number with itself sets it to zero with Z = 1. We can use the BNZ
instruction to make the decision. EX-ORing with any other number will result
in a non-zero value 31
EX-OR
Read and test PORTB to see whether it has value 45H. If it does,
send 99H to PORTC; otherwise, it stays cleared.

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