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Relationship Between Spatial Interval & Frequency Intervals: © 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

The document discusses various digital image processing techniques in the frequency domain, including filtering and smoothing images using low-pass filters, sharpening images using high-pass filters, and using the Laplacian to enhance images. Standard low-pass filters include ideal, Butterworth, and Gaussian filters. Correspondence between spatial and frequency domain filtering is also covered.

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26 views16 pages

Relationship Between Spatial Interval & Frequency Intervals: © 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

The document discusses various digital image processing techniques in the frequency domain, including filtering and smoothing images using low-pass filters, sharpening images using high-pass filters, and using the Laplacian to enhance images. Standard low-pass filters include ideal, Butterworth, and Gaussian filters. Correspondence between spatial and frequency domain filtering is also covered.

Uploaded by

anandbabugopathoti
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 16

Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.

com

Relationship between Spatial interval & Frequency


intervals

Consider a two dimensional function f(t,z).


if it is sampled to form a digital image f(x,y) consisting of MN Samples
taken in t & z directions respectively.
Let T and Z denotes separation between the samples then the separation
between corresponding frequency intervals is
u=1/(M. T)
v=1/(N. Z )

2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com

The basics of filtering in frequency domain


The basic model for filtering in the frequency domain for a given
digital image f(x,y) of size MxN is

g ( x, y ) IDFT (G (u , v)) IDFT ( H (u , v) F (u , v))


where F(u,v): the Fourier transform of the image to be smoothed
H(u,v): a filter transfer function
DFT is a complex array so we can express it in imaginary & real
parts as follow
g ( x , y ) IDFT ( G ( u ,v )) IDFT [ H ( u ,v ) R ( u ,v ) jH ( u ,v ) I ( u ,v )]
2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com

The basics of filtering in frequency domain


H(u,v): a filter transfer function.
if it allows low frequencies the it is called LPF.
if it allows high frequencies the it is called HPF.
The filter that effects the real and imaginary parts equally and
having no effect on phase is called Zero Phase Shift Filter.

2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com

Correspondence between Filtering in


the Spatial and Frequency Domain

2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com

Image Smoothing using Frequency-Domain Filters


The basic model for filtering in the frequency domain

G (u , v) H (u , v) F (u , v)
where F(u,v): the Fourier transform of the image to be smoothed
H(u,v): a filter transfer function
Smoothing can be done using High frequency attenuation.
Smoothing is fundamentally a lowpass operation in the
frequency domain.

2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com

There are three standard forms of Lowpass filters (LPF).


1.

Ideal lowpass filter(ILPF)

2.

Butterworth lowpass filter(BLPF)

3.

Gaussian lowpass filter(GLPF)

These filters can covers the range from very sharp(ideal) to very
smooth(Gaussian).

For higher order n the Butterworth lowpass filter approaches to


Ideal LPF.

For lower order n the Butterworth lowpass filter approaches to


Gaussian LPF.

2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com

Ideal Lowpass Filters (ILPFs)


The simplest lowpass filter is a filter that cuts off all highfrequency components of the Fourier transform that are at a distance
greater than a specified distance D0 from the origin of the transform.
The transfer function of an ideal lowpass filter

1 if D(u , v) D0
HD(u,v)
(u , v) : the
where
distance from point (u,v) to the center of ther
0 if D(u , v) D0
frequency rectangle

PxQ isDthe
(u ,size
v) of(uH(u,v)
P / 2) 2 (v Q / 2)

2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

1
2 2

Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com

Ideal Lowpass Filters (ILPFs)

Ideal LPF is symmetrical about Origin radially which means


that the filter ic completely defined by a radial cross section.

Rotating the radial cross section by 360 degrees yields filter in


2D.
Here D0 is Cut off frequency.
The point of transition between H(u,v)=1 and H(u,v)=0 is
called Do

2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com

Ideal Lowpass Filters (ILPFs)

Perspective plot:
2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com

Butterworth Lowpass Filters (BLPFs)


With order n

1
H (u , v)
2n
1 D(u , v) / D0

2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com

Gaussian Lowpass Filters (GLPFs)

H (u , v) e

2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

D 2 ( u ,v ) / 2 D02

Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com

Gaussian Lowpass Filters (GLPFs)

H (u , v) e

D 2 ( u ,v ) / 2 D02

When D(u,v)=Do the GLPF filter is down to 0.607 of its


maximum value.
GLPF achieved slightly less smoothing than the BLPF of
order n=2 for same value of cutoff frequency.

2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com

Image Sharpening using Frequency Domain Filter


Image Sharpening can be in frequency domain using High pass
Filtering, Which attenuates the Low frequency components without
disturbing the High frequency components.
High pass Filtering can be obtained using the following eqns

H HP (u , v) 1 H LP (u, v)
Three types of Image Sharpening Filters are:
1.

Ideal Highpass filter(IHPF)

2.

Butterworth Highpass filter(BHPF)

3.

Gaussian Highpass filter(GHPF)

2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com

Image Sharpening Using Frequency Domain Filter

Ideal highpass filter


0
H (u , v)
1

if D (u , v) D0
if D(u , v) D0

Butterworth highpass filter


H (u , v)

1
2n
1 D0 / D(u, v)

Gaussian highpass filter


H (u , v) 1 e

2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

D 2 ( u ,v ) / 2 D02

Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com

The Laplacian in the Frequency Domain

The Laplacian is implemented using the filter


H (u , v) 4 2 (u 2 v 2 )
or
P 2
Q 2
2
(v ]
H (u , v) 4 [ u
2
2
H (u , v) 4 2 D 2 (u , v)

2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com

Laplacian image can be obtained as


2 f ( x, y ) F 1{H (u, v) F (u , v)}
or
2 f ( x, y ) IDFT {H (u , v) F (u, v)}

Image enhancement is achieved using


g ( x, y ) f ( x, y ) c 2 f ( x, y )
here

c 1
2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

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