Scribd
Upload
124 views17 pages

Presentation Language Study-Syntax

This document defines and describes syntax, which refers to the arrangement of words and morphemes in the construction of phrases, clauses, and sentences. It discusses the key components of syntax including descriptive vs prescriptive grammar, sentence types, clauses, phrases, parts of speech, tree diagrams, generative grammar as proposed by Chomsky, deep and surface structure, ambiguity, and recursion. Syntax is the level of grammar that analyzes the structure and arrangement of words in a language.

Uploaded by

Avazbek Tulkunovich Ishbaev
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
124 views17 pages

Presentation Language Study-Syntax

This document defines and describes syntax, which refers to the arrangement of words and morphemes in the construction of phrases, clauses, and sentences. It discusses the key components of syntax including descriptive vs prescriptive grammar, sentence types, clauses, phrases, parts of speech, tree diagrams, generative grammar as proposed by Chomsky, deep and surface structure, ambiguity, and recursion. Syntax is the level of grammar that analyzes the structure and arrangement of words in a language.

Uploaded by

Avazbek Tulkunovich Ishbaev
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 17

SYNTAX

Rimajon Sotlikova

SYNTAX
Is

derived from the Greek elements, syn


means together and tax means
arranging.

Is

a level of grammar that refers to the


arrangement of words and morphemes in
the construction of structures, such as:
phrases, clauses and sentences.

Descriptive syntax or
descriptive grammar

Prescriptive syntax or
prescriptive grammar

The combination of
smaller units in
sentences

The concept of
correctness and
incorrectness in
speaking and writing.

Types of Syntactic Structures

Sentence
(string of words:grammatically complete
with at least two components: a subject and
a predicate)

Constitudes
(combination of units)

Subject
(the topic of the
sentence)

Predicate
(a comment made
about the topic)

Types of Sentences and Clauses


Simple Sentence
(one subject and one
predicate)

The dog ran away

Compound Sentence
(the combination of
simple sentences )

The dog and the


cat ran away.

Dependent Clause

Independent Clause
(a simple sentence)

(can not stand alone as a simple sentence

A Complex sentence

A compound-complex (sentence

(sentence with a simple sentence


and one or more dependent clauses)

These are the people who


would be travelling with us

but must be attached to an independent


clause)

(with two or more independent clauses and


at least one dependent clause)

When the teacher assigned the reading for the


exam,many students were stunned, but they agreed
to study as well as they could.

Most common sentence types


Declarative (It makes
a statement)

HeHe
has
just
arrived.
just
arrived.

Interrogative (It asks a


question)

Has he just arrived?

Imperative (Expresses
a command or
request)

Andrew, come here.

Exclamatory (shows
strong or sudden
feeling)
Negative
Active and passive
voices

Oh, what a beautiful day!

He hasnt come yet.

He broke the window. The window was broken


by him.

Phrase

A phrase is any constituent of a clause.

Noun phrase (NP)

Adverb phrase
(AdvP)

Adjective phrase
(AP)
Prepositional phrases
(PP)

Verb phrase (VP)

NP+VP

Some examples for noun phrase:

Andrew

NP (N is proper noun here)

He

NP (Pronoun)

The dog

NP (with Determiner-article)

Six dogs

NP (with numeral)

The six dogs NP (Determiner.Numeral.Noum)

My dog

What dog

That dog

NP (with Determiner-possessive)
NP (with Determiner-interrogative)
NP (with determiner-demonstrative)

Verb phrase (tells something about the subject)

A tree diagram

Chomsky and Generative grammar

Many linguists attempted to produce a particular type of grammar that has a


very explicit system of rules would result in well formed sentences.

A set of explicit rules is called a generative grammar

A generative grammar defines the syntactic structure

It shows two kinds of phenomena:

How some superficially


different sentences are
closely related

How some superficially


similar sentences are in fact
different

Deep and surface structure

Maria broke the window.

The window was broken by Maria.

Superficially
different

Closely related by
meaning
Distinction between
them is about their
surface structure

Underlyning their basic


components and
interpretation are their
deep structure.

Ambiguity
Lexical ambiguity

The women appealed to


all men

Structural ambiguity

Part-of-speech
ambiguity

Maria owns large


dogs and cats

Andrew will forget


tomorrow
By tomorrow
Andrew will forget
something

Andrew will forget a


specific day (that is
here tomorrow)

Structural ambiguity

Recursion

Is used in order:
To generate a
sentence

To make a sense
in a sentence

The book is one the table.

The book is on the table near the window.

The book is on the table near the window in the bedroom.

Repeatable any
number of times

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy