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Challenges

This document summarizes a proposed new architecture for next generation mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). The key points are: 1) The current "hop-centric" approach is inefficient, processing packets at each hop. The new architecture is "path-centric", treating multiple hops as an atomic unit. 2) It proposes a radically new "relay-oriented" physical layer optimized for multi-hop transmissions, with routing and forwarding functions moved to the physical layer. 3) A new "Path Access Control" layer coordinates medium access for an entire path/segment of hops. 4) "Cooperative transport" techniques like cooperative diversity are used to increase path capacity and robustness

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43 views44 pages

Challenges

This document summarizes a proposed new architecture for next generation mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). The key points are: 1) The current "hop-centric" approach is inefficient, processing packets at each hop. The new architecture is "path-centric", treating multiple hops as an atomic unit. 2) It proposes a radically new "relay-oriented" physical layer optimized for multi-hop transmissions, with routing and forwarding functions moved to the physical layer. 3) A new "Path Access Control" layer coordinates medium access for an entire path/segment of hops. 4) "Cooperative transport" techniques like cooperative diversity are used to increase path capacity and robustness

Uploaded by

dan.cta.ro
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Challenges:

A Radically New Architecture for Next


Generation Mobile Ad Hoc Networks
Ram Ramanathan
Internetwork Research Department
BBN Technologies

MANET
Any multi-hop wireless network in which
nodes relay packets for each other
Examples:

Military

Packet Radio Networks


Sensor Networks
Rooftop/Mesh Networks

Motivation

Despite decades of research, MANETs


continue to lag behind wireline networks in
terms of

Latency
Capacity
Robustness

Need for Low-latency, High bandwidth


wireless networks

Goals
Network with 1000+ Mobile Ad Hoc nodes
Diameters (path-lengths) = 50-100 hops!!
Transport capacity of 1 Gbps !!
End-to-end latency less than 10ms
Wireline robustness

Future prospects
Future military networks of sensors,
robots, soldiers, ground, airborne vehicles
Hybrid wired/mobile-wireless civilian
networks with large number of hops

Where do we lack
then..?

Reasons for severe underutilization of performance potential


Hop Centric approach
Unsuitable Physical Layer for multihop/relay-based communications
Failure to utilize broadcast nature of
MANETs

A closer look..

Hop-centric approach
Processes are terminated and re-initiated
at every hop
Large amount of processing, queuing and
contention at each hop, for every packet
Each packet processed at 3 layers for
header stripping

Bottleneck: Per packet overhead at


each relay node

Subway train analogy


Its like getting off at each intermediate
station en-route to ones station
Going outside the station
Waiting in line for fresh ticket
Waiting for the next train
Boarding it

Unsuitable Physical Layer


We still use Physical Layer suited for
single-wireless-hop networks
(WLAN/Cellular)
Current Physical Layer optimized for 2
primitives

Receiving
Transmitting

In MANETs

3 primitive operations required


1. Relaying( Most common)
2.
3.

Transmitting
Receiving

Currently
Relay = Receive -> Store -> Process ->
Queue -> Forward -> Contend ->
Transmit

Failure to utilize Broadcast


We actually try to curb it by imposing
wireline-like thinking
Most (traditional) routing protocols
transmit to a single neighboring node
Broadcast can be used

To increase signal quality


End-to-end path capacity

Radical contributions..

Next generation MANET architecture


Three key features
1. Physical Layer optimized for multi-hop
wireless networking
2. Access to medium for entire path (as
opposed to single hop)
3. Cooperative transport of packets

1. Physical Layer restructuring

Move Routing and Forwarding


functions to the physical layer!
Routing:

To determine which set of nodes relay the packet


from source to destination

Forwarding:

To transport along this chosen path

New Physical Layer

Has 3 primitive functions


Relay
Transmit
Receive

Switching at physical layer itself !

2. Path-Centric hops

Atomic unit of operation = multiple hops

Medium Access Control is path-oriented

Packet does not have to re-contend at


every hop

3. Cooperative Transport
Harness unused resources to increase
capacity of path
Concept of Cooperative Diversity

Nodes

simultaneously retransmit the same


packet on different frequencies/channels to be
diversity combined at receivers

How does this improve performance?


Reduced processing and elimination of recontending at every hop will reduce
latency
Cooperative transport increases capacity
Path diversity increases path robustness

Architecture
Notional stack has 3 layers
1. Relay oriented Physical Layer
(Relay PL)
2.

Path Access Control


(PAC)

3.

Transport Layer

No Network Layer !!

Architecture

Important features
Paths are composed of segments
A packet never leaves physical layer
throughout a segment
PAC only invoked between segments
Segment length: Interesting research
problem !

Lets Look in Detail

1. Relay-oriented Physical Layer

Based on a multi-frequency/multi-band system


Full-duplex operation: Simultaneously
transmitting and receiving using multiple
frequencies
Start transmitting while you are still receiving the
rest of the packet
Transit Routing Table at Physical Layer for
routing decisions

Relaying problems
Routing & Forwarding
Essentially to decide at node X, for a
packet destined S -> D, whether to

Keep

packet (X=D)
Discard it (X is not on path S -> D)
Re-broadcast (Relay)

Mechanism

Extract certain information


(destination/signal strength/..) from Front of
the packet

Use it to decide whether to keep/drop/relay,


while still receiving remaining packet

Shunt the incoming stream to transmit chain

Relay-Oriented Transceiver

Routing Decisions ?
Transit Control Table at a node X contains
mappings from every source (S),
destination (D) pair to one of
keep/drop/relay
Proactive Link-State Routing run at
Physical Layer
Routing updates and Neighbor discovery
probes do not use the MAC layer

Link State Routing


Link State Updates (LSU) flooding when a
link goes up or down
Flooding consists of a multihop network
preamble followed by the actual LSU
Network Preamble Captures all nodes
i.e. it gets them to ignore data
transmission or reception and tune in to
LSU

Routing features
Capturing of nodes ensures reliable
broadcast of LSUs
As data rates increase what matters is

Propagation

time of updates
Reliability of updates

Not how many control messages were sent!

Infrastructure for Relay PL


Hardware components well within scope
of current technology
Routing logic & algorithms can be placed
in Flash ROM (which are increasing in
size & decreasing in cost)
Flexibility to use Software Radios
switching functionality can be in software

Before you ask me..

There is no mention of any naming


mechanism at the physical layer!!
Minor Implementation detail??

2. Path Access Control (PAC)


Acquires the floor for multiple hops,
namely a segment, within which packets
are relayed at physical layer
Segment Access Request (SAR)
= multi-hop RTS
Segment Access Clear (SAC)
= multi-hop CTS

Sentinel

Important Issue

Setting up of frequencies of each nodes


RX and TX to enable full-duplex
operation
1.
2.

Select TX frequency and let RX auto-tune


(Less efficient) Always use SAR/SAC and
decide a priory in half duplex mode

Any path can be full-duplexed using no


more than 3 frequencies

Are you still awake ?


Just checking ;-)

3. Cooperative Transport

Cooperative Diversity: Operates entirely at


the Physical Layer
Near

simultaneous transmission of the same


information by multiple nodes that is
coherently combined at the receiver
Gives much better SNR at receiver as
essentially power of many nodes is added up

Cooperative Diversity
Level of synchronization required for
decoding depends upon the receiver
technology e.g. MIMO
MIMO or equivalent technology required to
diversity-combine the simultaneous
transmissions
frequency diversity: receiving multiple
versions of the same signal, being
transmitted at different carrier frequencies.

Future work
Developing h/w (Transceiver chipset)
Determining optimal segment lengths
Others

Thanks
Ashish Sharma

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