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5 - Recording of Energy by Sensor

Remote sensing uses sensors to detect and record electromagnetic radiation (EMR) from objects. Passive sensors detect naturally emitted or reflected EMR, like sunlight, while active sensors provide their own illumination with emitted radiation. Common sensor types include cameras, scanners, radar, and linear or area arrays that form images through whiskbroom, pushbroom, or circular scanning techniques. Sensors collect different wavelengths of EMR to form digital images for analysis.

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575 views23 pages

5 - Recording of Energy by Sensor

Remote sensing uses sensors to detect and record electromagnetic radiation (EMR) from objects. Passive sensors detect naturally emitted or reflected EMR, like sunlight, while active sensors provide their own illumination with emitted radiation. Common sensor types include cameras, scanners, radar, and linear or area arrays that form images through whiskbroom, pushbroom, or circular scanning techniques. Sensors collect different wavelengths of EMR to form digital images for analysis.

Uploaded by

umair
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Recording of Energy by

the Sensor

SENSOR

REMOTE SENSING IS
PERFORMED USING
AN
INSTRUMENT,
OFTEN
REFERRED
TO AS A SENSOR
THE
SENSOR
RECORD EMR WHICH
TRAVELS DIRECTLY
THROUGH
THE
VACUUM
OR
INDIRECTLY
BY
REFLECTION
OR
RERADIATION
TO
THE SENSOR

CHANGES IN THE
AMOUNT
AND
LEICA GEOSYSTEMS AIRBORNE DIGITAL SENSO
PROPERTIES OF EMR
UPON DETECTION BY

Types of Remote Sensing


Many sensors used in remote
sensing measure reflected sunlight.
Some
sensors,
however,
detect
energy emitted by the Earth itself or
provide their own energy.

Passive Remote Sensing


The sun's energy is
either reflected, as it is
for
visible
wavelengths,
or
absorbed and then reemitted, as it is for
thermal
infrared
wavelengths. Remote
sensing systems which
measure energy that is
naturally available are
called passive sensors
and type of RS is called
Passive RS.

Passive Remote Sensing


Passive sensors can only be
used to detect energy when
the
naturally
occurring
energy is available. For all
reflected energy, this can
only take place during the
time when the sun is
illuminating
the
Earth.
There is no reflected energy
available from the sun at
night.
Energy
that
is
naturally emitted (such as
thermal infrared) can be
detected day or night, as
long as the amount of
energy is large enough to
be recorded.

Active Remote Sensing


Active sensors,
on the other
hand,
provide
their
own
energy source
for illumination

Active Remote Sensing


The
sensor
emits
radiation
which
is
directed
toward
the
target
to
be
investigated.
The
radiation reflected from
that target is detected
and measured by the
sensor. Advantages for
active sensors include
the ability to obtain
measurements anytime,
regardless of the time
of day or season.

Active Remote Sensing


Active sensors can be
used
for
examining
wavelengths that are not
sufficiently provided by
the
sun,
such
as
microwaves, or to better
control the way a target is
illuminated.
However,
active systems require the
generation of a fairly
large amount of energy to
adequately
illuminate
targets. Some examples of
active sensors are a laser
sensor and a synthetic
aperture radar (SAR).

Examples
A camera provides an excellent example of
both passive and active sensors. During a
bright
sunny
day,
enough
sunlight
is
illuminating the targets and then reflecting
toward the camera lens, that the camera
simply records the radiation provided (passive
mode). On a cloudy day or inside a room,
there is often not enough sunlight for the
camera to record the targets adequately.
Instead, it uses its own energy source - a flash
- to illuminate the targets and record the
radiation reflected from them (active mode).

Examples
...Radar
used
by
police
to
measure the speed of traveling
vehicles is a use of active remote
sensing. The radar device is
pointed at a vehicle, pulses of
radiation are emitted, and the
reflection of that radiation from
the vehicle is detected and
timed. The speed of the vehicle is
determined by calculating time
delays between the repeated
emissions and reception of the
pulses. This can be calculated
very accurately because the
speed of the radiation is moving
much, much faster than most
vehicles...unless you're driving at
the speed of light!

REMOTE SENSORS
Remote sensors: The detection and recording
instruments for RS

Photographic cameras

Mechanical scanners

SCANNER
Common Remote Sensing acquisition Technologies
(SCANNING)
Frame Grabbers
Whisk Broom (Across Track- Oscillating Mirror
Push Broom (Along Track- Linear array of
detectors

SCANNER Frame Grabber

SENSORS USED TO COLLECT DATA


ANALOG FRAME CAMERA AND FILM

THIS
IS
LIKE
CONVENTIONAL
CAMERAS WITH
FILM

SENSORS USED TO COLLECT IMAGES

DIGITAL FRAME CAMERA AREA ARRAY

DENSE ARRAY
OF DETECTORS
LOCATED
AT
THE PLACE OF
FILM
RECORDING
ENERGY
ELECTRONICALL
Y

Scan Line
A horizontal row of pixels in an image forms a scan line
which is collected either
Sequentially as the sensor moves left to right (whiskbroom) or
Simultaneously through the use of a linear array of photodetectors (frame grabber, push broom)

Imaging Geometry
Line Geometry
Push Broom (Along Track- Linear array of
detectors,
(Line sensors)
Images a complete scan line at any one instant
of time

Point Geometry
Whisk Broom (Across Track- Oscillating Mirror
( Point sensors)
Images only a single point at any one instant of
time

LINEAR ARRAY PUSHBROOM / ALONG TRACK SCANNER


IN THIS THE SCANNER CONSISTS OF LINEAR ARRAY OF
DETECTORS (CCD)
ONE-DIMENSIONAL ARRAY OF CCDs ALIGNED IN A DIRECTION
PERPENDICULAR TO THE FLIGHT DIRECTION
EACH CCD AIMED AT A SPECIFIC POINT ON THE GROUND WITH THE
NEIGHBORING CCD VIEWING THE NEIGHBORING GROUND
LOCATION/
ENTIRE LINE OF IMAGE DATA (LINE OF PIXELS) ACQUIRED
SIMULTANEOUSLY.

LINEAR ARRAY WHISKBROOM/CROSS TRACK SCANNE


Combination of a single detector and a rotating
mirror arranged in such a way that the detector
beam sweeps in a straight line over the Earth
across the track of the satellite at each rotation
of the mirror. the Earths surface is scanned
systematically pixel by pixel in each line as the
satellite moves forward

SENSORS USED TO COLLECT IMAGES


HYPER SPECTRAL AREA/LINEAR ARRAY

IT IS LIKE
PUSHBRO
OM
SCANNER
BUT
THE
STORAGE
OF
ENERGY IS
IN
A
DIFFEREN

SENSORS USED TO COLLECT IMAGES


SIDE SCANNING SYSTEM
THIS IS AN ACTIVE
SYSTEM
HAVING
OWN
ENERGY
SOURCE AND DO
NOT DEPEND ON
SUN ILLUMINATION

SENSORS USED TO COLLECT IMAGES


CIRCULAR SCANNER
THIS TYPE OF
SCANNER HAS A
VERTICAL AXIS OF
ROTATION
AND
ONLY
THE
FORWARD PORTION
OF
SWEEP
IS
RECORDED
TO
PRODUCE IMAGES

Dwell Time
The length of time the IFOV "sees" a ground resolution
cell as the rotating mirror scans
Generally quite short and influences the design of the
spatial, spectral, and radiometric resolution of the
sensor

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