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CHAPTER 2: Hardware & Software

This document discusses the internal hardware components of a computer system. It describes the major internal devices like the CPU, motherboard, memory, hard disk, fans, sound card, video card, network interface card, and power supply unit.

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Mbaki Manewe Mathambo
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52 views30 pages

CHAPTER 2: Hardware & Software

This document discusses the internal hardware components of a computer system. It describes the major internal devices like the CPU, motherboard, memory, hard disk, fans, sound card, video card, network interface card, and power supply unit.

Uploaded by

Mbaki Manewe Mathambo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHAPTER 2: Hardware

& Software
(1) Hardware 1: Internal
Devices

1. HARDWARE
Hardware

are the
physical/tangible components of
a computer system.
ie Any part of the computer
system that can be touched or
seen including those which are
inside the System Unit.
Hardware can be classified based
on location relative to the System
Unit; or based on function.
Kgosi@ABMUC (2014)

1.1 CLASSIFICATION BY
LOCATION
The

System Unit (or CPU Chassis)


is the main body of the computer
system, usually a metallic or
plastic box containing the CPU,
motherboard and other devices.
Devices found inside the System
Unit are referred to as Internal
Devices, and those outside it are
called Peripherals.
Kgosi@ABMUC (2014)

a. Internal Devices
Examples

include:

Central Processing Unit (CPU)


Motherboard
Memory chips
Internal Hard Disk
Fan & Heat Sink
Power Unit
Network Interface Card

Kgosi@ABMUC (2014)

i. Motherboard
The

motherboard is the body or mainframe


of the computer, through which all other
components interface.
It is the central circuit board making up a
complex electronic system.
A motherboard provides the electrical
connections by which the other components
of the system communicate.
The mother board includes many
components such as: central processing unit
(CPU), random access memory (RAM),
firmware, and internal and external buses.
Kgosi@ABMUC (2014)

Motherboard

Kgosi@ABMUC (2014)

ii. CPU

The Central Processing Unit (CPU; sometimes just


called processor) is a machine that can execute
computer programs. It is sometimes referred to as the
brain of the computer.

There are four steps that nearly all CPUs use in their
operation: fetch, decode, execute, and writeback.

The first step, fetch, involves retrieving an instruction


from program memory. In the decode step, the
instruction is broken up into parts that have
significance to other portions of the CPU.

During the execute step various portions of the CPU,


such as the arithmetic logic unit (ALU) are connected
so they can perform the desired operation. The final
step, writeback, simply writes back the results of the
execute step to some form of memory.
Kgosi@ABMUC (2014)

CPU (Processor)

Kgosi@ABMUC (2014)

iii. Chipset
The

term chipset is commonly used to refer to a set


of specialized chips on a computer's motherboard or
an expansion card.
Based on Intel Pentium-class microprocessors, the
term chipset often refers to a specific pair of chips
on the motherboard: the northbridge and the
southbridge.
The northbridge links the CPU to very high-speed
devices, especially RAM and graphics controllers
The southbridge connects to lower-speed peripheral
buses (such as PCI or ISA). In many modern chipsets,
the southbridge contains some on-chip integrated
peripherals, such as Ethernet, USB, and audio
devices.
Kgosi@ABMUC (2014)

Chipset

Kgosi@ABMUC (2014)

10

iv. PCI Slot


Peripheral

Component Interconnect
An interconnection system between a microprocessor
and attached devices in which expansion slots are
spaced closely for high speed operation.
Using PCI, a computer can support both new PCI cards
while continuing to support Industry Standard
Architecture (ISA) expansion cards, an older standard.
PCI is designed to be synchronized with the clock
speed of the microprocessor.
The PCI specifications define two different card
lengths: The full-size PCI form factor is 312 millimeters
long; short PCIs range from 119 to 167 millimeters in
length to fit into smaller slots where space is an issue.

Kgosi@ABMUC (2014)

11

PCI Slots on Motherboard

Kgosi@ABMUC (2014)

12

v. ROM
Read-Only

Memory
Data stored in ROM can only be
modified slowly or with difficulty,
so it is mainly used to distribute
firmware (software that is very
closely tied to specific hardware,
and unlikely to need frequent
updates).

Kgosi@ABMUC (2014)

13

ROM

Kgosi@ABMUC (2014)

14

vi. RAM
Random-Access

Memory
Allows stored data to be
accessed directly in any random
order and therefore is fast.
Volatile
Used during processing
AKA Primary Memory

Kgosi@ABMUC (2014)

15

RAM

Kgosi@ABMUC (2014)

16

vii. Hard Disk


Secondary

Storage Device
Long Term Storage
Uses rapidly rotating disks
(platters) coated with magnetic
material
Serial AT Attachment (SATA) disks
came into use in 2003 and have
replaced Parallel AT Attachment
(PATA) disks
Kgosi@ABMUC (2014)

17

Hard Disk

Kgosi@ABMUC (2014)

18

viii & ix: CPU Fan and Heat Sink


Used

together to actively cool


down the rapidly-heating CPU
Fan blows cool air.
Heat sink is a passive heat
exchanger that cools a device by
dissipating heat into the
surrounding medium

Kgosi@ABMUC (2014)

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CPU Fan

Kgosi@ABMUC (2014)

20

Heat Sink

Kgosi@ABMUC (2014)

21

x. Sound Card
A

sound card (also known as an audio card) is


an internal expansion card that facilitates the
input and output of audio signals to and from a
computer under control of computer programs.
The term sound card is also applied to external
audio interfaces that use software to generate
sound, as opposed to using hardware inside the
PC.
Typical uses of sound cards include providing
the audio component for multimedia
applications such as music composition, editing
video or audio, presentation, education and
entertainment (games) and video projection.
Kgosi@ABMUC (2014)

22

Sound Card

Kgosi@ABMUC (2014)

23

xi. Video Card


Also

called a video adapter, display


card, graphics card, graphics board,
display adapter or graphics adapter
and sometimes preceded by the word
discrete or dedicated to emphasize
the distinction between this
implementation and integrated graphics
It is an expansion card which generates
a feed of output images to a display
(such as a computer monitor, projector,
etc).
Kgosi@ABMUC (2014)

24

Video Card

Kgosi@ABMUC (2014)

25

xii. Network Interface Card (NIC)


Network

Interface Card, or NIC is a


hardware card installed in a computer so
it can communicate on a network.
The network adapter provides one or
more ports for the network cable to
connect to, and it transmits and receives
data onto the network cable.
An Ethernet NIC houses the Ethernet
Port
NIC have unique Media Access Control
(MAC) Addresses
Kgosi@ABMUC (2014)

26

Ethernet NIC

Kgosi@ABMUC (2014)

27

A wireless NIC

Kgosi@ABMUC (2014)

28

xiii. Power Supply Unit


A

power supply unit (PSU) converts


mains AC to low-voltage regulated DC
power for the internal components of a
computer.
Modern personal computers universally
use a switched-mode power supply.
Some power supplies have a manual
selector for input voltage, while others
automatically adapt to the supply
voltage.
Kgosi@ABMUC (2014)

29

Power Supply Unit (PSU)

Kgosi@ABMUC (2014)

30

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