Scribd
Upload
214 views47 pages

Chapter 10

The document discusses digital transmission and various techniques used in digital transmission systems including pulse modulation methods like PAM, PPM, PWM and PCM. It also describes components like codecs, sampling circuits, quantization and companding that are used in digital transmission of audio signals.

Uploaded by

Oliberated
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
214 views47 pages

Chapter 10

The document discusses digital transmission and various techniques used in digital transmission systems including pulse modulation methods like PAM, PPM, PWM and PCM. It also describes components like codecs, sampling circuits, quantization and companding that are used in digital transmission of audio signals.

Uploaded by

Oliberated
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 47

CHAPTER 10

DIGITAL TRANSMISSION

The transmittal of digital


signals between two or more
points in a communications
system.

Digital Transmission

Developed the first digital


transmission system for the
purpose of carrying digitally
encoded analog signals, such
as human voice, over metallic
wire cables between telephone
offices.
AT&T

The primary advantage of


digital transmission over
analog transmission.

Noise Immunity

Digital signals are also better


suited than analog signals for
processing and combining
using a technique called
_____.
Multiplexing

The processing of analog


signals using digital methods
and includes band limiting the
signal with filters, amplitude
equalization, and phase
shifting.
Digital Signal Processing

Digital transmission systems


are more resistant to analog
systems to additive noise
because they use________
rather than signal
amplification.
Signal Regeneration

Consist essentially of
sampling analog information
signals and then converting
those samples into discrete
pulses
Pulse Modulation

The four predominant


methods of pulse modulation.

PWM, PPM, PAM & PCM

Sometimes called pulse


duration modulation or pulse
length modulation.

Pulse Width Modulation

The position of a constantwidth pulse within a


prescribed time slot is varied
according to the amplitude of
the sample of the analog
signal.
Pulse Position Modulation

The amplitude of a constantwidth, constant-position pulse


is varied according to the
amplitude of the sample of the
analog signal.
Pulse Amplitude Modulation

The analog signal is sampled


and then converted to a serial
n-bit binary code for
transmission.
Pulse Code Modulation
( PCM )

__________ is credited with


inventing PCM in 1937
while working for AT&T at its
Paris laboratories.

Alex H. Reeves

A circuit that periodically


samples the analog input
signal and converts those
samples to a multilevel PAM
signal.
Sample-and-Hold Circuit

The transmission line


________ are placed at
prescribed distances to
regenerate the digital pulses.

Repeaters

An integrated circuit that


performs the PCM encoding
and decoding functions.

Codec

The function of a _________


in a PCM transmitter is to
periodically sample the
continually changing analog
input voltage.
Sampling Circuit

The sampling process alters


the frequency spectrum and
introduces an error called
_________.

Aperture Error

The ________ of the


capacitor is called the A/D
conversion time because it is
during this time that the ADC
converts the sample voltage
to a PCM code.
Storage Time

If the input to the ADC is


changing while it is performing
the conversion, _______
results.

Aperture Distortion

_________ theorem
establishes the minimum
sampling rate (fs) that can be
used for a given PCM system.

Nyquist Sampling

The binary codes used for


PCM are _________,
where n may be any positive
integer greater than 1.

N-Bit Codes

The sign bit in a signmagnitude code.

Most Significant Bit


( MSB )

The process of rounding off


the amplitudes of flat-top
samples to a manageable
number of levels.

Quantization

A type of code where the


codes on the bottom half of
the table are a mirror image of
the codes on the top half,
except for the sign bit.
Folded Binary Code

The magnitude difference


between adjacent steps.

Quantization Interval or
Quantum

Also called peak limiting

Overload Distortion

Any round-off errors in the


transmitted signal are
reproduced when the code is
converted back to analog in the
receiver.
Quantization Error or
Quantization Noise

The ratio of the largest


possible magnitude to the
smallest possible magnitude
(other than 0V) that can be
decoded by the digital-to
analog converter in the
receiver.
Dynamic Ratio

When there is no analog input


signal, the only input to the
PAM sampler is random,
thermal noise also called as
__________.
Idle Channel Noise

A way to reduce idle channel


noise wherein the first
quantization interval is made
larger in amplitude than the
rest of the steps.
Midtread Quantization

The process of compressing


and then expanding.

Companding

Two methods of companding:

-Law and A-law


Companding

Involves compression in the


transmitter after the input
sample has been converted to
a linear PCM code and then
expansion in the receiver prior
to PCM decoding.
Digital Companding

When digitizing speech


signals only, special voice
encoders/decoders called
_______ are often used.

Vacoders

A coder extracts the most


significant portions of speech
information directly from the
time waveform rather than
from the frequency spectrum
as with the channel and
formant vocoders.
Linear Predictive

Type of modulation uses a


single-bit PCM code to
achieve digital transmission of
analog signals

Delta

Two problems associated with


delta modulation that do not
occur with conventional PCM.

Slope Overload and


Granular Sudivision

With ________, the difference


in the amplitude of two
successive samples is
transmitted rather than the
actual sample.
Differential PCM
( DPCM )

The secondary lobes are


called ________.

Ringing test

causes crosstalk between


channels that occupy adjacent
time slots in a time-divisionmultiplexed carrier system.

Inter symbol interference

Inserted in the transmission


path to equalize the distortion
for all frequencies, creating
uniform transmission medium
reducing transmission
impairments.
Equalizers

simply the superposition of a


series of harmonically related
sine waves with specific
amplitude and phase
relationships.
Pulse Modulation

The decision levels for the


regenerator are represented
by ____.

Crosshairs

Has an effect on the symbol


timing (clock) recovery circuit
and, if excessive, may
significantly degrade the
performance of cascaded
regenerative sections.
Jitter

Converts the I/C and Q/C bit


pairs to serial, Q, and C
output data streams.

Parallel-to-Serial
Logic Circuit

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy