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Chapter 3 Not Mine

This document provides an overview of key chemical concepts including: - SI units and prefixes for units of measurement - Definitions of the mole, molar mass, and Avogadro's number - Calculations involving moles, mass, and chemical formulas - Concepts related to solutions like molarity, concentration percentages, parts per million/billion - Density, specific gravity, pH, pOH, and other solution-related calculations - Stoichiometry principles for determining quantities in chemical reactions The document contains examples demonstrating how to apply these concepts to solve quantitative problems in chemistry.

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Mark Cliffton Badlon
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145 views13 pages

Chapter 3 Not Mine

This document provides an overview of key chemical concepts including: - SI units and prefixes for units of measurement - Definitions of the mole, molar mass, and Avogadro's number - Calculations involving moles, mass, and chemical formulas - Concepts related to solutions like molarity, concentration percentages, parts per million/billion - Density, specific gravity, pH, pOH, and other solution-related calculations - Stoichiometry principles for determining quantities in chemical reactions The document contains examples demonstrating how to apply these concepts to solve quantitative problems in chemistry.

Uploaded by

Mark Cliffton Badlon
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 13

Chapter Three:

Chemical Concepts
By: Andie Aquilato

Units of Measurement
Slides 2-5

SI Units

Mass: kilogram (kg)


Length: meter (m)
Time: seconds (s)
Amount of substance: mole (mol)
Temperature: Kelvin (K)
Electric current: ampere (A)
Luminous intensity: candela (cd)

Prefixes for Units

giga- 109 (G)


mega- 106 (M)
kilo- 103 (k)
deci- 10-1 (d)
centi- 10-2 (c)
milli- 10-3 (m)

micro- 10-6 ()
nano- 10-9 (n)
pico- 10-12 (p)
femto- 10-15 (f)
atto- 10-18 (a)

The Mole

Molar Mass: the mass in grams of one mole of a substance


Ex: 1 mole of C is 12.011 g
Ex: 1 mol of CH2O
= 1 mol C + 2 mol H + 1 mol O
= 12.011 g + 2(1.0079 g) + 15.9994 g
= 30.0262 g
Avogadros number: there are 6.022 x 1023 particles in one mol
The Millimole: 1mmol = 10-3
Calculating the Amount of a Substance
Ex.: Determine the mass in grams of Na+ (22.99 g/mol) in 25.0 g
Na2SO4 (142.0 g/mol). (This is using the factor-label method)

25 g Na2SO4

1 mol Na2SO4

2 mol Na+

22.99 g Na+

142.0 g Na2SO4

1 mol Na2SO4

1 mol Na+

= 8.10 g Na+

Solutions and
Concentrations
Slides 6-12

Molarity (M)

Molarity (M): the number of moles of a substance per 1 L of solution (mol/L or


mmol/mL)
Analytical Molarity: totals moles of solute per 1 L of solution
Equilibrium (species) Molarity: M at equilibrium

Ex.: Describe the preparation of 2.00 L of 0.108 M BaCl2 from BaCl22H2O (244 g/mol)

We know that one mol of BaCl2H20 yields 1 mol BaCl2, so well figure out how much
BaCl2H20 we need to make a 0.108 M BaCl2H2O solution

2.00 L 0.108 mol BaCl2H20 244 g BaCl2H20


1.00 L

1 mol BaCl2H20

= 52.8 g BaCl2H20

Percent Concentration

Weight (w/w): (weight of solute/ weight of


solution)x100%

Volume (v/v): (volume of solute/volume of


solution)x100%

Weight/volume (w/v): (weight of solute/volume of


solution)x100%

Parts Per (for dilute solutions)

Million: mg solute/L soln

Billion: g solute/ g solution x 109

Ex.: What is the molarity of K+ in a solution that contains 63.3 ppm of


K3Fe(CN)6 (329.3 g/mol)?
Since the solution is so dilute, we can assume that ppm = mg solute/L soln,
therefore the solution is 63.3 mg/L of K3Fe(CN)6.

63.3 mg
K3Fe(CN)6
1L

1g

1 mol
K3Fe(CN)6

3 mol K+

329.3 g
1 mol
1000 mg K Fe(CN) K Fe(CN)
3
6
3
6

= 5.77 x 10-4 M K+

Soluent-Diluent Volume Ratios


Def.: amt of solution to the amt of solvent
Ex.: 1:4 HCl solution contains 1 volume of HCl for 4 volumes water

P-Functions
Def.: pX = -log[X]
Ex.: pH = -log[H]
Ex.: Calculate the p-value for each ion in a solution that is 2.00 x 10-3 M in
NaCl and 5.4 x 10-4 in HCl
NaCl Na+ + ClHCl H+ + ClpNa = -log(2.00 x 10-3) = 2.699
pH = -log(5.4 x 10-4) = 3.27
pCl = -log(2.00 x 10-3 + 5.4 x 10-4) = 2.595
Ex.: What is the molar concentration of Ag+ in a solution that has a pAg of
6.372?
pAg = -log[Ag+]
3.372 = -log[Ag+]
Ag+ = antilog(3.372)
Ag+ = 4.25 x 10-7

Density
mass
volume

(g/mL or kg/L)

Specific Gravity

Def.: mass of a substance/mass of an equal volume of water


Ex.: Calculate the molar concentration of HNO3 (63 g/mol) in a solution that
has a specific gravity of 1.42 and is 70% HNO3 (w/w)
1.42 kg reagent 1000 g
1 L reagent

1 kg

70 g HNO3

1 mol HNO3

100 g reagent

63 g HNO3

= 15.8 M HNO3

Stoichiometry

Def.: mass relationships among reacting chemical species, use ratios for
calculations
Ex.: 2NaI (aq) + Pb(NO3)2 (aq) PbI2(s) + 2NaNO3 (aq)

For every 2 moles of NaI, 1 mol of PbI2 is made

For every mol of Pb(NO3)2, 2 mol of NaNO3 is made, etc.

Empirical Formula: simplest (CH2O)

Molecular Formula: specific (C6H12O6)

Ex.: 4NH3(g) + 6NO(g)5N2(g) + 6H2O(g) How many moles of reactant are


there is 13.7 moles of N2 is produced?1

13.7 mol N2

4 mol NH3

10.96 mol NH3

16.44 mol NO

16.44 mol H2O

5 mol N2
13.7 mol N2

6 mol NO
5 mol N2

13.7 mol N2

6 mol H2O

Stoichiometry, contd

Ex.: 2Al +3Cl22AlCl3 When 80 grams of aluminum is reacted with excess


chlorine gas, how many moles of AlCl 3 are produced?1

80 g Al

1 mol Al

2 mol AlCl3

27 g Al

2 mol Al

2.96 mol Al

Ex.: Sb2S3(s) + 3Fe(s)2Sb(s) +3FeS(s) If 3.871023 particles of


Sb2S3(s) are reacted with excess Fe(s), what mass of FeS(s) is produced?1
3.87 x 1023
particles Sb2S3

1 mol
6.02 x 1023
particles

3 mol FeS

88 g FeS

169.71 g FeS

1 mol Sb2S3 1 mol FeS

Hanuschak, Gregor. SparkNote on Stoichiometric Calculations. 9 Dec. 2005

<http://www.sparknotes.com/chemistry/stoichiometry/stoichiometriccalculations>.

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