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Solutions and Concentrations: Nacl Nacl

In this case the project manager should count himself lucky of getting back his job as an engineer.In this case the project manager should count himself lucky of getting back his job as an engineer.

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22 views4 pages

Solutions and Concentrations: Nacl Nacl

In this case the project manager should count himself lucky of getting back his job as an engineer.In this case the project manager should count himself lucky of getting back his job as an engineer.

Uploaded by

Dilek
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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SOLUTIONS and CONCENTRATIONS

Chemists express the concentration of solutes in solution by several ways.The


most important of these ;

MOLAR CONCENTRATIONS (M)


The molar concentration of the solution of the chemical specie (X) is the number
of mole of that specie in the volume of solution as a unit of liter ( not one liter of
the solvent).
M = mol solute / L of solution =( mmol solute / mL solution)
mM = mmol / L 1000 mmol= 1 mol; 1000 mL = 1L
Example : Calculate the molar concentration of NaCl in an aqueous solution
that contains 1,25 g of NaCl in 2,5 L solution. Na: 23 Cl: 35,5 g/mol g
nNaCl = 1,25 /58,5 = 0,02137 mol g
CNaCl = 0,02137 mol / 2,5 L =0,00855 M = 8,55 x10-3M

ANALYTICAL MOLARITY
It is the total number mole of a solute, regardless of its chemical state in one liter
of solution. Analytical molarity describes how a solution of a given molarity can
be prepared. e.g. A sulfuric acid solution that has an analytical concentration of
1,0 M can be prepared by dissoving 1 mol or 98 g of pure H 2SO4 in water and
diluting to exactly 1,0 L.

EQUILIBRIUM or SPECIES MOLARITY


It describes the molar concentration of a particular specie in a solution at
equilibrium. It is necessary to know how the solute behaves when it is dissolved
in a solvent. e.g. the specie molarity of H2SO4 in a solution with an analytical
concentration of 1,0 M is 0,00 M, because H2SO4 is entirely dissociated into a
mixture of H + , HSO4- , SO42- . None H2SO4 molecules are present in this
solution.
H2SO4 → H+ + HSO4-
t=0 1M 0 0
t=t1 0 1M 1M

HSO4- ↔ H+ + SO42-
t=t1 1M 1M 0
t=t2 0,99 M 1+0,01M 0,01M

RESULT: H2SO4 =0 M ; H+=1,01 M ; HSO4- = 0,99M ; SO42- = 0,01M

EXAMPLE: Calculate the analytical and equilibrium molar concentrations of


the solute species in an aqueous solution that contains 285 mg of Cl3CCOOH in
10 mL of solution (Data:Acid is 73% ionized in water) .
Cl3CCOOH = HA ↔ H+ + A-
Amount HA = ( 285 mg HA x 1 g HA/ 1000 mg HA) x (1 mol HA/ 163 g HA)
= 1,744 x10-3 mol HA
CHA = 1,744 x10-3 mol HA / 0,01 L = 0,174 M HA Anal. Molarity
73% of the HA disssociates , giving H+ and A-,
HA = 0,174 x0,27 = 0,047 M
A- = 0,174 x 0,73 = 0,127 M
H+ = A- = 0,127 M

EXAMPLE: Describe the preparation of 500 mL of 0,074 M Cl- solution


starting from solid BaCl2.2 H2O.

Mass BaCl2.2 H2O = (0,074 mol Cl- /1L) x 0,5 L x (1 mol BaCl2.2 H2O/ 2 mol
Cl-) x (244,3 g/ 1 mol BaCl2.2 H2O ) = 4,52 g BaCl2.2 H2O
Dissolve 4,52 g BaCl2.2 H2O in pure water and dilute to 500 mL.
Percent Concentration
 Weight Percent (w/w) = mass solute / mass solution x 100 %
 Volume Percent (v/v) = volume liquid / volume solution x 100 %
 Weight / Volume Percent (w/v) = mass solute, g / volume solution, mL x
100 %
ppm and ppb
For very dilute solutions, these terms are used.
ppm = mg/L or µg/mL ; ppb= µg/L or ng/mL

EXAMPLE: What is the molarity of K+ in an aqueous solution that contains


63,3 ppm of K3Fe(CN)6.
[K+ ]= (63,3 g compund /106g solution ) x (103 g solution /L solution ) x (1 mol
compound / 329,2 g Compound ) x (3 mol K+ / 1 mol compound)
= 5,77x10-4 mol K+ /L =5,77x10-4 M K+.
or 63,3 mg → 0,0633 g → 0,000192 molgx3 → 5,77x10-4 mol K+/ L

Solution / Diluent Volume Ratios


A 1 :4 HCl solution contains 4 volumes of water for each volume of
concentrated HCl.

p-Functions
pH= -log [ H+] ; pCa = -log [ Ca2+] ; PSO4 = -log [ SO42-]
Example : Calculate the molar concentration of Ag+ in a solution that has
PAg= 6,372.

PAg = - log [ Ag+] = 6,372


log [ Ag+] = - 6,372
[ Ag+] = antilog (-6,372) = 4,246x10-7 M ≅ 4,3x10-7 M.
Some Useful Algebraic Relationships
CA = nA / VA nA = CA.VA
Amount of A (mol) = CA (mol/L) x V(L)
Amount of A (mol) = mass A (g) /molar mass A (g/mol)

Density and Specific Gravity


The density of a substance is its mass per unit volume. Unit is kg/L or g/mL.
Specific gravity is dimesionless and it is described as the ratio of its mass at a
definite volume to the mass of an equal volume of water at a specified
temperature (40C) .
Example: Describe the preparation of 100 ml of 6M HCl from a concentrated
solution that has a density of 1,18 kg/L and is 37% (w/w) HCl.
CHCl = (1,18 kg reagent / L) x (1000g/ 1 kg reagent) x (37 gHCl/100g reagent ) x
(1 mol HCl / 36,5 g HCl ) = 12 M
Vconce. Cconce = V dil .Cdil
V. 12 M = 100 mL. 6 M → Vconce. = 50 mL
*Dilute 50 mL of the concentrated reagent to 100 mL.

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