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Data and Computer Communications

This document discusses different multiplexing techniques used to transmit multiple channels over a single physical line. It covers frequency division multiplexing (FDM), time division multiplexing (TDM), statistical TDM, and digital subscriber line (DSL) technologies like ADSL. FDM uses different frequency bands to separate channels while TDM rapidly switches between channels to share a single line. Statistical TDM dynamically allocates time slots based on demand. ADSL uses frequency division to provide asymmetric broadband internet over existing twisted pair phone lines.

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48 views29 pages

Data and Computer Communications

This document discusses different multiplexing techniques used to transmit multiple channels over a single physical line. It covers frequency division multiplexing (FDM), time division multiplexing (TDM), statistical TDM, and digital subscriber line (DSL) technologies like ADSL. FDM uses different frequency bands to separate channels while TDM rapidly switches between channels to share a single line. Statistical TDM dynamically allocates time slots based on demand. ADSL uses frequency division to provide asymmetric broadband internet over existing twisted pair phone lines.

Uploaded by

khoirunnisa120113
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Data and Computer

Communications
Chapter 8 Multiplexing

Eighth Edition
by William Stallings
Lecture slides by Lawrie Brown

Multiplexing
Itwasimpossibletogetaconversation
going,everybodywastalkingtoomuch.
YogiBerra

Multiplexing
multiple links on 1 physical line
common on long-haul, high capacity, links
have FDM, TDM, STDM alternatives

Frequency Division
Multiplexing

FDM
System
Overview

FDM Voiceband Example

Analog Carrier Systems

long-distance links use an FDM hierarchy


AT&T (USA) and ITU-T (International) variants
Group

Supergroup

FDM of 5 group signals supports 60 channels


on carriers between 420kHz and 612 kHz

Mastergroup

12 voice channels (4kHz each) = 48kHz


in range 60kHz to 108kHz

FDM of 10 supergroups supports 600 channels

so original signal can be modulated many times

Wavelength Division
Multiplexing

FDM with multiple beams of light at different freq


carried over optical fiber links

architecture similar to other FDM systems

commercial systems with 160 channels of 10 Gbps


lab demo of 256 channels 39.8 Gbps
multiplexer consolidates laser sources (1550nm) for
transmission over single fiber
Optical amplifiers amplify all wavelengths
Demux separates channels at the destination

also have Dense Wavelength Division


Multiplexing (DWDM)

Synchronous Time Division


Multiplexing

TDM
System
Overview

TDM Link Control

no headers and trailers


data link control protocols not needed
flow control

data rate of multiplexed line is fixed


if one channel receiver can not receive data, the
others must carry on
corresponding source must be quenched
leaving empty slots

error control

errors detected & handled on individual channel

Data Link Control on TDM

Framing

no flag or SYNC chars bracketing TDM frames


must still provide synchronizing mechanism
between src and dest clocks
added digit framing

one control bit added to each TDM frame


identifiable bit pattern used on control channel
eg. alternating 01010101unlikely on a data channel
compare incoming bit patterns on each channel with
known sync pattern

Pulse Stuffing

have problem of synchronizing data sources


with clocks in different sources drifting
also issue of data rates from different sources
not related by simple rational number
Pulse Stuffing a common solution

have outgoing data rate (excluding framing bits)


higher than sum of incoming rates
stuff extra dummy bits or pulses into each incoming
signal until it matches local clock
stuffed pulses inserted at fixed locations in frame and
removed at demultiplexer

TDM Example

Digital Carrier Systems

long-distance links use an TDM hierarchy


AT&T (USA) and ITU-T (International) variants
US system based on DS-1 format
can carry mixed voice and data signals
24 channels used for total data rate 1.544Mbps
each voice channel contains one word of
digitized data (PCM, 8000 samples per sec)
same format for 56kbps digital data
can interleave DS-1 channels for higher rates

DS-2 is four DS-1 at 6.312Mbps

DS-1 Transmission Format

SONET/SDH
Synchronous Optical Network (ANSI)
Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (ITU-T)
have hierarchy of signal rates

Synchronous Transport Signal level 1 (STS-1)


or Optical Carrier level 1 (OC-1) is 51.84Mbps
carries one DS-3 or multiple (DS1 DS1C DS2)
plus ITU-T rates (eg. 2.048Mbps)
multiple STS-1 combine into STS-N signal
ITU-T lowest rate is 155.52Mbps (STM-1)

SONET Frame Format

Statistical TDM
in Synch TDM many slots are wasted
Statistical TDM allocates time slots

dynamically based on demand


multiplexer scans input lines and collects
data until frame full
line data rate lower than aggregate input
line rates
may have problems during peak periods

must buffer inputs

Statistical TDM Frame Format

Cable Modems

dedicate two cable TV channels to data transfer


each channel shared by number of subscribers,
using statistical TDM
Downstream

cable scheduler delivers data in small packets


active subscribers share downstream capacity
also allocates upstream time slots to subscribers

Upstream

user requests timeslots on shared upstream channel


Headend scheduler notifies subscriber of slots to use

Cable Modem Scheme

Asymmetrical Digital
Subscriber Line (ADSL)

link between subscriber and network


uses currently installed twisted pair cable
is Asymmetric - bigger downstream than up
uses Frequency division multiplexing

reserve lowest 25kHz for voice (POTS)


uses echo cancellation or FDM to give two bands

has a range of up to 5.5km

ADSL Channel Configuration

Discrete Multitone (DMT)

multiple carrier signals at different frequencies


divide into 4kHz subchannels
test and use subchannels with better SNR
256 downstream subchannels at 4kHz (60kbps)

in theory 15.36Mbps, in practice 1.5-9Mbps

DMT Transmitter

xDSL
High data rate DSL (HDSL)

2B1Q coding on dual twisted pairs


up to 2Mbps over 3.7km

Single line DSL

2B1Q coding on single twisted pair


(residential) with echo cancelling
up to 2Mbps over 3.7km

Very high data rate DSL

DMT/QAM for very high data rates


over separate bands for separate services

Summary
looked at multiplexing multiple channels

on a single link
FDM
TDM
Statistical TDM
ADSL and xDSL

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