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Productivity in Word-Formation

This document discusses productivity in word formation. It begins by explaining that some word meanings must be listed in a lexicon because their sounds or morphology do not reveal meaning. Productivity is a matter of degree, with some word formation processes being more general than others over time. Semi-productivity describes idiosyncratic affixes that fail to attach to eligible forms unpredictably. Productivity also refers to creativity, which allows infinite words and utterances using finite means. Constraints on productivity include blocking by prior words, phonological factors like base length and sounds, morphological properties, and semantic considerations.

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1K views13 pages

Productivity in Word-Formation

This document discusses productivity in word formation. It begins by explaining that some word meanings must be listed in a lexicon because their sounds or morphology do not reveal meaning. Productivity is a matter of degree, with some word formation processes being more general than others over time. Semi-productivity describes idiosyncratic affixes that fail to attach to eligible forms unpredictably. Productivity also refers to creativity, which allows infinite words and utterances using finite means. Constraints on productivity include blocking by prior words, phonological factors like base length and sounds, morphological properties, and semantic considerations.

Uploaded by

pefinta
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Assalamualaikum

wr.wb

BY:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

DESRINNA NOER L
DWI RAHMAWATI
MILLA MUTSLIAH
NURANIZA KHALILI
PEFINTA DIANA PUTRI
ANDI NUR HIDAYAT
SEHA

Productivity in
Word-Formation

The meanings of many words (e.g. pear and pair)


must be listed in the lexicon because there is
nothing about their sounds or morphological
structure that would enable one to work out
their meaning. In this respect morphology differs
from syntax. Syntax cannot be restricted to
cataloguing only chose sentences that occur in
some

corpus

(i.e.

body

of

texts),

since

language is vast and no list of sentences, no


matter how long, could exhaust the set of
possible well-formed sentences.

The more general a word-formation process is, the


more productive it will be assumed to be. There are
two key points requiring elucidation:
1) Productivity is a matter of degree. It is not a
dichotomy, with some word-formation process
being productive and others being unproductive.
Probably no process is so general that is affects,
without exception, all the bases to which it could
potentially apply. The reality is that some processes
are relatively more general than others.
2) Productivity is subject to the dimension of time. A
process which is very general during one historical
period may become less so at a subsequent period.

Semi-productivity
Some

linguists,

like

Matthews

(1974:52),

recognize a special category which they call


semi-productivity to cover idiosyncratic affixes
which inexplicably fail to attach to apparently
eligible

forms.

Furthermore,

where

such

affixes are used, the meaning of the resulting


word may be unpredictable.

Productivity and
creativity
The term productivity has sometimes been

used to refer to creativity, i.e. the capacity of


all human languages to use finite means to
produce an infinite number of words and
utterances. In the domain of morphology,
creativity manifests itself in two distinct ways:
rule governed creativity and rule banding
creativity.

Constraints on
Productivity
Blocking may due to the prior existence of
another word with the meaning that the
putative word would have (Aronoff, 1976).
X + ous
(Adjective)

Pre-existing
noun

Noun(-ty)

noun(-ness)

Acrimonious

Acrimony

Acimoniosity

Acrimoniousn
ess

Glorious

Glory

Gloriosity

Gloriousness

Fallacious

Fallacy

Fallacity

Fallaciousness

spacious

Space

spaciosity

spaciousness

Phonological Factors
Adjectival base provided it means the following
phonetic conditions:

The base must be monosyllabic


The base end in an obstruent (i.e. stop, fricative or
affricative), which may be optionally preceded by a
sonorant.
Adjective

Adverb

Silly

sillily

friendly

friendlily

Morphological factors
o Morphological properties of a base may prevent

the application of morphological rules.


o The rule of velar softening which changes /k/
*(usually spelled with the letter) to [s] is
essentially restricted to words of Latin and French
origin:

Velar softening
Cynic
cynicism
Fanaticfanaticism
Spectic specticism

Semantic Factors

Semantic considerations too many impinge on

the application of word formation processes.


Short sleeved (shirt)
Short sighted (man)
Green roofed (house)
Blue eyed (boy)

Compound adjectives derived from the past

participle (Ved) form of the verb are most


likely to be permitted where the root to which
ed is added is inalienably possessed.
If un is attached to the negative of the pair
as you see below. The resulting word is usually
ill-formed.

Unwell
Unloved
Unwise
Unclean

Thank You....

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