TRANSMISSION OVERVIEW

URBAN

RURAL

TRANSMISSION OVERVIEW
DEFINITION
Transmission is the electrical transfer of a signal,
message or other form of data from one location to
another.

It provides connection between the cell site and base

station controller and switching center

TRANSMISSION
NETWORK

TRANSMISSION
NETWORK

BSC/RNC
BTS

MSC/MGW

TRANSMISSION OVERVIEW
Application of Point to Point MW Radios in
SMART Transmission Network
Backbone Link
- supports great amount of traffic;
also applies as the primary transport
solution between regions, key cities
and relay sites
Intermediate Link
- supports the traffic requirements of
other stations
Last Mile Link
- the only transport connection of a
BTS, Node-B or BWA station to an
Access Point in the Transmission
Network

sdf

TRANSMISSION FUNDAMENTA

TRANSMISSION FUNDAMENTALS
OSI REFERENCE MODEL
Application

Presentation

Session

Transport

Network

Data Link

Physical

H
H

DATA

Application

DATA

Presentation
Session

DATA UNIT
DATA UNIT

Transport
Network

PACKET
FRAME

FCS

BITS

TRANSMISSION MEDIUM

Data Link
Physical

DATA
COMMUNICATION

DATA
APPLICATION

LAYER

TRANSMISSION FUNDAMENTALS
MULTIPLEXING
the process of simultaneously transmitting two or more
individual signals over a single communications channel
MAJOR TYPES
Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) analog systems
employ FDM, whereby message signals are combined into a
single analog signal in which the occupy frequency slots

Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) digital systems employ TDM, in which multiple input signals are sampled for a short period of time at regular intervals called time slots. The result of this sampling technique is a single stream of high-speed digital information

Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) consolidates multiple optical channels onto a common optical fiber where each channel utilizes a specific wavelength and the individual channels do not interact with each other

TRANSMISSION FUNDAMENTALS
PULSE CODE MODULATION (PCM)
Technique used in digitizing voice
An analog-to-digital (A/D) conversion process in which analog voice
signals are sampled, quantized and coded into a digital signal.
Once digitized, the signal can be put onto a digital transmission line
and transmitted to the intended receiver. At the receiver end, the
digital signal is converted back to analog form (D/A conversion).

Quantizer

Sampler

1
0

0 1 01 0 0 1 01 1

5
4
3
2
1

Encoder

TRANSMISSION FUNDAMENTALS
SAMPLING
The average human voice occupies the frequency spectrum
between 300 Hz and 3,400 Hz. To accommodate this range, the
standard telephone voice channel has a bandwidth of 4,000 Hz.
To digitize a voice signal, it must be sampled at twice the highest
frequency i.e. 8,000 times per second

Nyquist Sampling Theorem

Fundamental theory of digital processing which determines the
sampling rate
States that if a band-limited signal is sampled at regular intervals
of time and at a rate equal to or higher than twice the highest
significant signal frequency, then the sample contains all the
information of the original signal

TRANSMISSION FUNDAMENTALS
QUANTIZING
The key to digitizing a pulse amplitude modulated signal (PAM) is
to assign a binary code to each pulse, corresponding to its
amplitude. The series of pulses can then be represented as a
stream of binary words, which are used to form a digital signal
These binary codes are referred to as quantizing intervals
Standard PCM uses an 8-bit word to code a quantized level; as a
result, there are 28, or 256 different quantizing levels
Since the sampling rate is 8,000 times per second, and 8 bits are
required to encode each sample, the bit rate required for a single
PCM channel is:
(8,000 samples/sec) x (8 bits/sample) = 64,000 bits/sec
This rate establishes the fundamental building block of the Bell
Standard digital hierarchy, and is referred to as the DS0 rate

TRANSMISSION FUNDAMENTALS
DIGITAL HIERARCHY
EUROPEAN STANDARD
A hierarchy established for European telecommunications, as defined by
the Conference Europeene des Postes et Telecommunications (CEPT)
standards
Based on a group of 32 transmit PCM voice channels, and two channels
transmit signaling and synchronization information

PCM FRAME

TRANSMISSION FUNDAMENTALS

CEPT-1 Data Rate:

(8 bits/sample) x (32 channels) x (8,000 frames/sec)
= 2,048,000 bits/sec
= 2.048 Mb/s
Data Rates:
CEPT 0 (E0): 64Kb/s (1 standard PCM ch.)
CEPT 1 (E1): 2.048 Mb/s (32 PCM ch.)
CEPT 2 (E2): 8.448 Mb/s (4xCEPT 1, or 128 PCM ch.)
CEPT 3 (E3): 34.368 Mb/s (4xCEPT 2, or 512 PCM ch.)
CEPT 4 (E4): 139.264 Mb/s (4xCEPT 3, or 2,048 PCM ch.)

TRANSMISSION FUNDAMENTALS
NORTH AMERICAN STANDARD
1.544 Mb/s is the first level of the North American Digital
Hierarchy, also called DS1 or T1 rate.
Frame:
(8 bits/sample) x (24 channels) + (framing bit) = 193
bits/frame

The sampling rate of each channel is 8,000 per second; thus, in order to accommodate the entire digroup, 8,000 frames must be submitted each second. The data rate for this operation is:

(193 bits/frame) x (8,000 frames/sec)

= 1,544,000 bits/sec
= 1.544 Mb/s

Data Rates:

DS0 (T0): 64Kb/s (1 standard PCM ch.)

DS1 (T1): 1.544 Mb/s (24 PCM ch.)
DS2 (T2): 6.312 Mb/s (4xDS1, or 96 PCM ch.)
DS3 (T3): 44.736 Mb/s (7xDS2, or 672 PCM ch.)
DS4 (T4): 274.176 Mb/s (6xDS3, or 4,032 PCM ch.)
DS5 (T5): 560.160 Mb/s (2xDS4, or 8,064 PCM ch.)

TRANSMISSION FUNDAMENTALS
PCM COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

TRANSMISSION FUNDAMENTALS
PLESIOCHRONOUS DIGITAL HIERARCHY (PDH)
A hierarchical set of high order multiplexing standardized for the
suitability of adapted multiplexed signals in the network.
Asynchronous multiplex technique
A specific frame is defined for each multiplex level
Bit-by-bit multiplexing
Timing alignment with bit-by-bit 1/2 positive justification
synchronization to the frame alignment (FAS) not required
Access to individually interleaved channels only possible after
demultiplexing
Bit rates up to 140 Mbits/s standardized

TRANSMISSION FUNDAMENTALS
SYNCHRONOUS DIGITAL HIERARCHY (SDH)
Synchronization of transmission network
Pointer multiplex technique
Plesiochronous operation is possible if required. If so, timing
alignment is effected through byte-to-byte negative / zero /
positive justification
Modular structure: higher bit rates are achieved through byte-to
byte multiplexing of several STM-1 signals from the STM-1 base
signal. The multiplex operation is performed in such away that
the structure of the multiplex signal (STM-N) is basically identical
with that of STM-1. The bit rates of the multiplex signal are
integral multiples of the basic bit rate 155.52 Mbits/s
The phase relationship between frame and actual useful load is
recorded by means of pointers (data pointers). Thus, access to
the specific channel in the SDH multiplex signal is possible
following the evaluation of the pointer

TRANSMISSION FUNDAMENTALS
ADVANTAGES OF SDH OVER PDH

Vendor Interoperability
Network Simplification
Bandwidth on Demand
Full Management Capability
Survivability
Future Proofing
Reduced Cost

TRANSMISSION FUNDAMENTALS

Tractor Unit

Payload

STM-1 FRAME STRUCTURE

SECTION
OVERHEAD
(RSOH)
AU Pointer

STM-1 PAYLOAD
SECTION
OVERHEAD
(MSOH)

270 Columns (Bytes)

270 COLUMNS x 9 ROWS x 8 BITS PER BYTE x 8,000 FRAMES PER SECOND = 155.252 Mbps

9 rows

TRANSMISSION RATES

TRANSMISSION FUNDAMENTALS

SDH Hierarchy
STM-1
155.52 Mbps
STM-4
622.08 Mbps
STM-16
2,488.32 Mbps
STM-64
9,953.28 Mbps
PDH Hierarchy
E1
2.048 Mbps
E2
8.448 Mbps
E3
34.368 Mbps
E4
139.264 Mbps
E5
564.992 mbps

63 x E1
252 x E1
1008 x E1
4032 x E1

1,890 Channels
7,560 Channels
30,240 Channels
120,960 Channels

4 x E1
16 x E1
64 x E1
256 x E1

30 Channels
120 Channels
480 Channels
1,920 Channels
7,680 Channels

TRANSMISSION FUNDAMENTALS
TOPOLOGIES

Linear Chain

Point-to-Point
TM
TM

TM

ADM

TM

AD
M

HUB

TM

Mesh
DX
C

Hub (Tree)

Ring

AD
M

ADM

DX

DX

DX
C

TM

sdf

TRANSMISSION EQUIPMEN

TRANSMISSION EQUIPMENT
COPPER CABLE
Means of transmission using
metallic wires
An assembly of one or more
conductors insulated from
each other and from the
outside by a protective sheath
Low capacity
Vulnerable to route damage,
noise and attenuations
Long service interruptions
Limited availability and
expansion

TRANSMISSION EQUIPMENT
MICROWAVE RADIO

Primary Mode of Wireless

Transmission System intended to
transport a wide range of data (from
1xE1 to NxSTM-1) over great
distances and over different terrains
Utilizes air waves as transmission
medium
Compared to other Long Haul
Transmission Solutions such as
Fiber Optic Cable, the advantages of
Microwave Transmission are:
Low to medium capacity
Low initial investment
particularly on medium capacity
Short repair time and service
interruption
Short implementation time

TRANSMISSION EQUIPMENT
FIBER OPTIC CABLE

Utilizes optical waveguides

and light sources to
propagate signals
A dielectric waveguide used
for the propagation of
electromagnetic energy at
optical frequencies

High capacity
High initial investment
Vulnerable to route damage
Long service interruption

TRANSMISSION EQUIPMENT
MULTIPLEXERS
A system that allows the
transport services over fiber
optic lines
Utilized for high capacity links
and networks
Advantages
Can support medium to very large amount of
traffic
Highly reliable, resilient and intelligent system
Disadvantages
High initial investment cost not just due to the
cost of fiber but because of the equipment
itself
Dependent on availability of fiber optic cable
facilities

TRANSMISSION EQUIPMENT
VSAT (Very Small Aperture Terminal)
A terminal used in individual
corporate communications.
VSAT consists of one master
earth station (MAS) and
numerous two-way satellite
terminals.
Advantages
Easy deployment in remote areas
Low initial investment
Disadvantages
High bandwidth rental cost
Susceptible to echo
Limited bandwidth

TRANSMISSION EQUIPMENT
OPTICAL MEASURING TOOLS
OPTICAL DISTRIBUTION FRAME

FC/PC
(FACE CONTACT / PHYSICAL CONTACT)

FUSION MACHINE

OTDR

sdf

MICROWAVE RADIO

MICROWAVE RADIO
The Primary Mode of Wireless
Transmission System intended to transport
a wide range of data (from 1xE1 to NxSTM1) over great distances and over different
Terrain.
Microwave Radios utilizes the atmosphere
as its medium. Microwave Frequencies are
those above the 1Ghz range.
MW Radios are capable of supporting the
following
Interfaces and Services:
E1 - for GSM, 3G, HSPA, BWA,
WiMax, WiFi Applications
STM - for aggregated Services
FE/GE - for Ethernet traffic such as
NMS and IP Services

MICROWAVE RADIO
Compared to other Long Haul Transmission Solutions such
Fiber Optic Cable, the advantages of Microwave
Transmission are:

Cost Effective
Rapid Deployment
Flexible and Upgradeable
No Right of Way required
Ownership / Control of Network

However, compared to Short Distance solutions such as

Copper and Infrared Transmission solutions, the
disadvantages are:
More Costly
More complicated to implement
Longer Timeline to implement

MICROWAVE RADIO
Factors to Consider in Implementing a MW Radio System
Is there Line Of Sight (LOS) between the (2) stations?
Can a MW Radio solution cover or breach the Hop
Distance?
Are the computed Antenna Heights acceptable?
Will implementing a MW Radio at both stations interfere with
other existing MW Radios in the area or will their radios
interfere with the new MW Radio?
Are there still available carrier frequency pairs in the area?
Are the support facilities of both stations capable of
supporting a MW Radio implementation?
Will it be more costly to implement compared to other
solutions?

MICROWAVE RADIO
Wave Propagation propagation of an electromagnetic wave
in a homogeneous ideal die electric medium (in this case air)
Remember :
Propagation over the atmosphere incurs Free Space
Loss. The higher the carrier frequency, the greater
The FSL. The same relationship applies to hop distance

MICROWAVE RADIO
Main Components of Radio Wave
Direct Wave: Free Space Propagation
Reflected Wave: Caused by terrain with high reflection coefficient
Refracted Wave: Bending of the waves as it is propagated
through the atmosphere
Diffracted Wave: Bending, Spreading and Interference of waves
when they pass by an obstruction or gap

Except for the Direct

Wave, the rest
contribute to Fading
and Poor Signal

MICROWAVE RADIO
Diversity Reception
- refers to the method for minimize fading and improving reception
of a transmitted signal by receiving and processing multiple versions
of the same transmitted signal. The way these multiple Versions are
received, characterizes the diversity technique
Common Diversity Techniques
Space Diversity: achieved by transmitting to multiple receiving
antennas (usually two)
Frequency Diversity: achieved by receiving multiple versions of
the same signal, being transmitted at different frequencies
Polarization Diversity: achieved by receiving multiple versions of
the same signal via antennas with different polarizations.

PRACTICAL MW LINK PLANNING

Map Survey
In any radio link study it is very important that an initial
map study be done. Not only does it aid the planner in
choosing possible candidate sites during the initial
planning process but it also helps prepare for the field
survey that will follow soon after
Path Profiles
Terrain profiles are necessary to determine site locations
and antenna heights. Care must be taken to assure free
sight between the sites and avoid reflections

LINK
PLANNING:
PROFILING
/ MAP STUDY
Line of Sight (LOS)

TERRAIN

- a clear and unobstructed path between (2) MW Radio stations

Objectives:
To confirm whether or there is LOS between the (2) stations of the
proposed MW Radio Hop
To determine and compute for the optimal Antenna heights at both
stations
To confirm the elevation of both stations
To confirm the Hop Distance
To obtain a graphical representation of the Hop characteristics,
terrain roughness and hop inclination
Fressnel Zone
Visual Line of Sight

LINK
PLANNING:
TERRAIN
PROFILING / MAP STUDY
Required Data for Terrain Profiling / Map Study
coordinates of both stations (in deg,min secs). Source of data is
either from the Topographical Map or actual Site Survey (GPS
readings)
elevation (mASL) of both stations. Source of data is either
from the Topographical Map or actual Site Survey (Altemeter
readings)
near sight and along the path obstructions confirmed during
actual site survey.
Terrain data which can be obtained from Topographical Maps
or from the Terrain View Database
Terrain Profile/ Map Study Checklist
All of the above data
Topographical Map (1:250,000 or 1:50,000 scale) or Terrain
Database
Pathloss Software Tool or others

LINK
PLANNING:
PROFILING
/ MAP
Pathloss Terrain Profile
/ MapSTUDY
Study Sample

TERRAIN

90

80

70

E levation (m)

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2.0

2.2

Path length (2.22 km)

Boracay Ex tender
Latitude
Longitude
Azimuth
Elevation
Antenna CL

11 58 55.70 N
121 54 29.20 E
138.01
60 m ASL
13.7 m AGL

Frequency (MHz) = 18000.0

K = 1.00, 1.33
%F1 = 60.00, 100.00

Smart Communications Inc.

PATH PROFILE
BORACAY EXTENDER - BORACAY RBS LINK

Boracay RBS
Latitude
Longitude
Azimuth
Elevation
Antenna CL

May 31 06

11 58 02.10 N
121 55 18.20 E
318.01
60 m ASL
19.8 m AGL

PRACTICAL MW LINK PLANNING

Field Survey
What is a survey?
A visit in the field in order to plan a microwave system
Involves verification of infrastructure in the area (trees,
obstructions, etc.)
Necessary to check existing stations or to find new locations in
the planning stage of a project

Typical Survey Activities

Preparations
In order to reduce field work, careful preparations should be
made. A detailed map survey is always a good start. After having
located all the sites (including alternative locations), preparation of
path profiles may start. Critical obstacles should be marked in
order to verify line-of-sight in the field. Preliminary antenna
heights may be determined at this stage.
Organizing a transport and accommodation is also important to do
as early as possible.

PRACTICAL MW LINK PLANNING

Typical Survey Equipment
The list below gives an idea about typical
survey equipment. Some of the items
may be substituted or omitted, and other
types of equipment may be adequate as
well.
Maps - 1:50 000
Camera
Binoculars
Compass
Altimeters
Satellite navigation equipment (GPS)
Signaling mirrors
Walkie talkies
Tape measure

PRACTICAL MW LINK PLANNING

Field Work
The following activities are typical
when new systems (sites) are being
planned. Depending on the accuracy
of the available maps, the following
investigations should be carried out
during the field survey:
Confirmation of line-of-sight (check
critical obstacles)
Verification of position and altitudes of
the sites
Soil investigation
Checking of site access, road
construction
Availability of power (existing shelters
and towers)
Investigate propagation conditions
Make interference measurements

PRACTICAL MW LINK PLANNING

Field Work
For surveying existing stations, here is
a checklist of typical survey activities to
be conducted:
Type of building: Concrete, wood,
prefabricated shelter
Material used in ceiling, walls, floor
Measurement of rooms, height of ceiling
Space for new equipment in the equipment
room
How to fix waveguide and cables to walls,
etc.
Waveguide outlets through walls, etc.
New air dryer for waveguides necessary?
Available power (AC - DC)
Existing battery capacity. New batteries
necessary?
Can existing towers be used?
Distance from building to tower
How to install the waveguide safely
outside
Space for new antenna at the right height
in the tower

Survey Report
Finally it is time to prepare
a detailed report from the
field survey. Remember
that a photo may tell more
than a thousand words.
The survey report may also

MICROWAVE RADIO COMPONENTS

Principal Block Diagram for a Radio System
Provides Directivity &
Gain to the RF Signal

Combines the 2 or more RF signals

into the same Feeder or Antenna Port

Modulator
&
Baseband

TX
RF Filter

Transmitter

Baseband Interfacing Point for

E1,STM-1 and Ethernet
Z

DeModulator

Feeder/
Waveguide

Branching
Network

Direct the RF signal from

the Branching Network
to the Antenna

Receiver

RX
RF Filter

Branching
Network

Feeder/
Waveguide

Free Space

MICROWAVE RADIO COMPONENTS

Antenna Relevant Specifications
1)

Side Struts

Either Standard and High Performance models

- HP Antennas are Shielded

2)

Either Single or Dual Polarized models

- Dual Polarized Antennas have (2) Antenna Ports
(H &V). Matched to SDH Radios because of high
RF Channel requirements

3)

Standard Antenna Diameters include :

0.6, 0.9, 1.2, 1.6, 1.8, 2.4, 3.0, 3.2 and 4.6m
- given the same carrier frequency, the Antenna
with a bigger diameter will also have the higher gain

4)

Frequency Range
- given the same diameter, the Antenna with the higher
frequency range will also have the higher gain

Shield
Radome

MICROWAVE RADIO COMPONENTS

eeder / WaveGuide
elevant Specifications

Different dB loss per meter depending on the

Type of Waveguide

The longer the Waveguide, the greater the losses.

Bends and turns also contribute additional losses

Feeder

Antenna Port

MICROWAVE RADIO COMPONENTS

Branching Circuit
Relevant Specifications

1) Refers to the internal distribution system of

the RF signal

2) Components include Coupler, Combiners,

Splitters and Circulators

Branching
Circuit

3) Branching Circuits contribute losses to the

RF signal.

4) The higher the carrier frequency, the higher the

Branching Circuit loss.
Combiner

To Antenna
Port

To ODUs

Coupler/
Splitter

MICROWAVE RADIO COMPONENTS

Transmitter / Receiver / Filter
Relevant Specifications
1) The Lower the Frequency Range, the greater the
Transmitter Power

Transmitter/
Receiver

2) The Higher the Frequency Range, the Higher the

Receiver Threshold Level
3) The greater the Payload Capacity, the Higher the
Receiver Threshold Level
Remember
Receiver Threshold or
Sensitivity is the minimum
signal level that should be
received to attain the
intended signal quality.
Signal Quality is
measured
in terms of BER=1x10-6
Or 1x10-3

Transmitter/
Receiver
(ODU)

Antenna

MICROWAVE RADIO COMPONENTS

Modulator / De-Modulator
Relevant Specifications

FRX-5G
TX

1) Connection between the Transmitter/ Receiver

and the Modulator/ Demodulator is on the
IF level

TX

TX

TX

RX

RX

BR NTWK
RX

RX

2) Available E1 and Ethernet interfaces on

PDH Radio Systems
3) STM-1 interfaces available on SDH Radio
Systems
IDU

IF Cable
Connection to ODU

IF Cable
Connection to ODU

S
E
M
U

NT T
MCC
I UU

RPSS
DSPL
V
U
W MB
PSPS
BB SD DB
E
W
SM
CS
B B W MB B
PSPSHCD B B SD DB B
I E
E
W
N
M SM
STM-1
Interface Modules

MICROWAVE RADIO COMPONENTS

es of Point to Point MW Radios according to Physical Design

All Indoor

Split Type
Feeder/
Waveguide

Feeder/
Waveguide

Transmitter/
Receiver

OUTDOORS

OUTDOORS

INDOORS
DEHYDRATOR
INDOORS

IF Cable

Modulator/
DeModulator

MICROWAVE RADIO COMPONENTS

Comparison Between All Indoor and Split Type Radios
All Indoor

OUTDOOR

INDOOR

Advantages
Greater Transmit Power
Greater Capacity (up to 14+1 capacity per rack)
Easier Access for Maintenance Personnel
Disadvantages
Greater Feeder Loss
Greater Branching Losses
Higher Receiver Thresholds
Not Easy to Install
Larger Footprint
Dehydrator Required
Higher Equipment Costs
Existing Radios in the SMART Network
NERA InterLink
Fujitsu NFRX

MICROWAVE RADIO COMPONENTS

Comparison Between All Indoor and Split Type Radios
Split Type

Advantages
Minimal Feeder Loss
Minimal Branching Losses
Lower Receiver Thresholds
Easier to Install
IDU fits into 19 Rack
No Dehydrator Required
Less Equipment Costs

OUTDOOR

INDOOR

Disadvantages
Lesser Transmit Power
Limited Capacity
Tougher to Maintain
Existing Radios in the SMART Network
PDH MW Radios
CERAGON FiberAir

MICROWAVE RADIO COMPONENTS

Types of Point to Point MW Radios
according to Technology and Capacity
1) SDH Radio
Advantages
Greater Capacity per RF Channel (STM-1) and per System
(Up to 14+1)
Availability of 2Mbps Wayside Channel
Disadvantages
Higher Receiver Thresholds
Requires External SDH Multiplexer for tributary/traffic access
Requires Synchronization or Clock Inputs
Higher Equipment Costs
Existing Radios in the SMART Network
NERA InterLink
Fujitsu NFRX
CERAGON FiberAir

MICROWAVE RADIO COMPONENTS

Types of Point to Point MW Radios
according to Technology and Capacity
2) PDH Radio
Advantages
Lower Receiver Thresholds
Does not Require an external Mux for tributary/
traffic access
Does not require external Synchronization
Lower Equipment Costs
Disadvantages
Limited to 16xE1 capacity per RF Channel
Existing Radios in the SMART Network
NOKIA Flexihopper
Siemens SRA-L
Harris Microstar
NERA Celink
DMC Series
Ericsson MiniLink

MICROWAVE RADIO COMPONENTS

Common Capacity, Protection & Diversity Configurations of MW Radios
A) Hot Standby
Station A
f1
f1

f1

COUPLER

PROT
ODU

f1
COUPLER

WRKNG
ODU

Station B
WRKNG
ODU
PROT
ODU

IDU

IDU

IDU

IDU

MICROWAVE RADIO COMPONENTS

Common Capacity, Protection & Diversity Configurations of MW Radios
B) 1+1 Frequency Diversity or 2+0
Station A

Station B

ODU 2

f1
f2
f2

COUPLER

ODU 1

COUPLER

f1
ODU 1

ODU 2

IDU

IDU

IDU

IDU

MICROWAVE RADIO COMPONENTS

Common Capacity, Protection & Diversity Configurations of MW Radios
C) N+1-applicable for SDH MW Radios

Protection CH
Qty. Of RF CH (STM-1)

Station A

Station B
f1
f1
f2
f2

f4

PROT

RF CH 1

f4

BRNCH
G CKT
RF CH 2

f3

RF CH 3

RF CH 3

RF CH 2

RF CH 1

PROT

BRNCH
G CKT

f3

MICROWAVE RADIO COMPONENTS

Common Capacity, Protection & Diversity Configurations of MW Radios
D) Hot Standby + Space Diversity
Station A

Station B
f1

WRKNG
ODU

WRKNG
ODU

f1

PROT
ODU

IDU
IDU

PROT
ODU

f1

f1

IDU
IDU

MICROWAVE RADIO COMPONENTS

Common Capacity, Protection & Diversity Configurations of MW Radios
E) 1+1 Frequency Diversity or 2+0 with Space Diversity
Station A

Station B
f1

WRKNG
ODU
PROT
ODU

f1
f2
f2

WRKNG
ODU
PROT
ODU

IDU

IDU

IDU

IDU

MICROWAVE RADIO COMPONENTS

Common Capacity, Protection & Diversity Configurations of MW Radios
F) N+1 with Space Diversity
Station A

Station B
f1
f1
f2
f2

f4

PROT

RF CH 1

f4

BRNCH
G CKT
RF CH 2

f3

RF CH 3

RF CH 3

RF CH 2

RF CH 1

PROT

BRNCH
G CKT

f3

Remember
The Carrier Frequencies of all RF Channels are received by
both the Main and Diversity Antenna

SYNCHRONIZATION
Synchronization is a must for SDH Networking
Digital cross-connects
Ring operation or Linear with Synchronous tributaries
Clocks ource

S tandards

ClockAccuracy

8bits lip
betw een
2N etw orks for
64Kbit/s

UTC

Forreferenceonly

1013

20years

PRC

GPS

1012

2years

PRC

G.811

1011

72days

SRC

G.812

109

0.72days

SEC

G.783

4X106

14seconds

SYNCHRONIZATION
EXTERNAL CLOCK SOURCES
GLOBAL
POSITIONING
SYSTEM
(U.S. DOD)

Secondary Reference Clock

(OSA 5548B SASE)

ATOMIC
CLOCKS

OUTPUT:
2 MHz
2 Mbps
CESIUM Primary Reference Clock
(Austron PRS-50)

OTHERS:
QUARTZ (CRYSTAL)
RUBIDIUM (ATOMIC CLOCK)

SYNCHRONIZATION
ITU G.803 In any chain:

PRC

SSU

SEC

SEC

20

SEC
SEC
SEC

SSU

SEC

SEC

SSU

1
20

20

20
SEC

SEC

SSU

SEC

SEC

20
SEC

SEC

SSU

SEC

SEC
SEC

20

SEC

SEC

SEC

SEC

20

SEC

SEC

SEC

SEC

SEC

SEC

SEC

SEC

SSU

SEC

20

SEC

SSU
SSU

20

SSU

SSU

At least 1 x PRC (type G.811)

SEC: Max 60 (type G.813)
SSU: Max 10 (type G.812)
Max 20 SECs between SSUs

20

In practice, most operators find

G.803 cascades too many SECs
It requires intensive planning
Rearrangements seriously
impact the network
Does not tolerate double failures
SEC (G.813) stability is not
enough for a most applications

FREQUENCY PLANNING
Keep in mind
Frequency Planning is with respect to the RF frequency of the
Microwave Radio
A Microwave Hop is allocated at least one (1) frequency pair
(i.e. TX and RX) for each RF channel
All traffic is sent and received is contained within the bandwidth
of each RF channel
Frequency Band a range of Microwave frequencies that the
MW Radio is transmitting & receiving its
RF signal
Common frequency bands of SMARTs MW Radios
4Ghz (SDH)
8Ghz (SDH/PDH)
5Ghz (SDH)
13Ghz (SDH/PDH)
U6Ghz (SDH)
15Ghz (SDH/PDH)
7Ghz (SDH/PDH)
18Ghz (PDH)
23Ghz (PDH)

FREQUENCY PLANNING
RF Channel Arrangement Plan detailed assignment of

precise carrier frequency (f and f) assignment

Channel spacing or separation
Duplex Spacing
Channel bandwidth

Carrier
Frequency
RF
Channel

Typical RF Channel Arrangement Plan

(Upper 6Ghz band)
Channel
Bandwidth
(40Mhz)

6500 Mhz

f3

f4

f4

f5

f6

f7

f8

f1

f2

6840 Mhz

f2

6800 Mhz

f1

6460 Mhz

Duplex Spacing (340Mhz)

f3

f4

f4

f5

f6

f7

f8

V
H
Duplex Spacing the difference
(in Mhz) between the Transmit
and Receive Frequency Pair
(f and f)

Channel Spacing (40Mhz)

Channel Spacing the minimum

Separation (in Mhz) between
(2) Carrier frequency assignments
of the same band

FREQUENCY PLANNING
Remember
All Radio Operators in the Philippines should implement
and operate MW Radios that comply with ITU Specified
and NTC endorsed Frequency Bands and RF Channel
Arrangements!
Station A
(Low Band)
TX/
RX

f
f

Carrier
Frequency
Pair

Station B
(High Band)
TX/
RX

Keep in Mind
(f) frequencies are assigned the lower frequencies compared to the (f)
frequencies. Thus (f) range is low band and (f) is high band
f and f frequency assignments can be used for Transmit or Receive
If for example Station A is using (f) as a transmit frequency, (f) will be the
the receive frequency of station B.Same for applies for (f)
Stations that use (f) for Transmit are Low Band and High Band stations
use the (f) for transmit.
(f) and (f) frequencies should have the same polarization

FREQUENCY PLANNING
Pre-determining the appropriate carrier frequencies of a new MW Hop
1) Determine appropriate frequency band based on

Hop Distance to be covered

Parameters of Antenna and Radio

Obtained Path Calculation Results

(i.e. Fade Margin & Annual Availability)

commercially available MW Radio frequency bands

Remember
The higher the Carrier Frequency, the shorter the hop
distance it can cover
2) Determine the quantity of frequency pairs required based on the
the following configurations
Hot Standby (1) frequency pair required

1+1 Frequency Diversity of 2+0 at least (2) frequency pairs

N+1- depend on the value of N plus (1) additional pair

FREQUENCY PLANNING
3) Determine the appropriate frequency arrangement scheme
(usually more associated with SDH and FD PDH systems)

Common Frequency Arrangement Schemes

Alternate Channel Alternate Polarization (ACAP)
(applicable if all or most of carrier frequency assignments in the
band are not utilized. Most widely utilized)
f1

f2

f3

f4

f4

f5

f6

f7 f8

f1 f2 f3 f4 f4 f5 f6 f7 f7

V
H
Co-Channel Co-Polarization (CCCP)
(applicable when there is frequency congestion problems or for
greater RF capacity)
f1

V
H

f2

f3

f4

f4

f5

f6

f7

f8

f1 f2 f3 f4 f4 f5 f6 f7 f8

FREQUENCY PLANNING
4) Determine which of the stations will transmit in the high and low band
H
f
L

Remember
As a general rule,
1) This scheme is implemented in order to prevent
Interference caused by the pouring over of the
MW signal between non consecutive stations.
2) All Transmitter frequencies in the same station
should be selected from the same half band

FREQUENCY PLANNING
5) Determine the precise frequency pairs (f and f) and confirm
their availability thru
existing operating frequencies at both stations
Radio Frequency Interference (RFI) Survey
existing records of NTC for each site
6) Determine the polarization based on
Path Conditions and Terrain characteristics of the Hop
existing polarizations at both stations
existing records of the NTC
7) Determine the bandwidth or spectrum requirements based on
the Payload the MW Radio is Transporting
Remember
Payload Capacity and corresponding BW requirements
16xE1s (PDH) = 28Mhz
STM-1 (SDH) = 28Mhz or 40Mhz

FREQUENCY PLANNING
7) Along with other requirements, the following data should be forwarded to
NTC
proposed Carrier Frequency Assignment/s
corresponding polarizations
Bandwidth/ Spectrum requirements
NTC shall evaluate the feasibility of the proposed assignments

sdf

FIBER OPTIC NETWOR

FIBER OPTIC NETWORK

OPTICAL TRANSMISSION SYSTEM

TRAFFIC

LIGHT
SOURCE/
DETECTOR

MULTIPLEXER/
DEMULTIPLEXER

FIBER OPTIC
CABLE
(OUTSIDE
PLANT)

CONNECTORS
& ODF

LED or
LASER
PHOTO
DIODE

TRANSMISSION EQUIPMENT
(SITE B)
LIGHT
SOURCE/
CONNECTORS DETECTOR
& ODF
PHOTO
DIODE
LED or
LASER

AMPLIFIERS/
REPEATERS/
REGENERATORS
(AS REQUIRED)

MULTIPLEXER/
DEMULTIPLEXER

TRAFFIC

TRANSMISSION EQUIPMENT
(SITE A)

FIBER OPTIC NETWORK

FIBER OPTIC ADVANTAGES OVER COPPER

Large Bandwidth
Longer distances without repeaters
Immunity to crosstalk
Immunity to static interference or electrical noise
Resistive to environment extremes
Safer and easier to install
Security
Lightweight
Low cost

FIBER OPTIC NETWORK

FIBER OPTIC SYSTEM COMPONENTS

Light Source (LED, Laser Diode)

Light Detector (APD, PIN)
Optical Fiber Cable
Connectors
Optical Distribution Frames
Optical Test Equipment

FIBER OPTIC NETWORK

CABLE CONSTRUCTION

COATING

CLADDING

CORE

Most fibers are made of oxide glasses such as silica, lead silicate
(crystal), sodium Calcium silicate (plate glass).
The core and cladding have different index of refraction to ensure total
internal reflection

FIBER OPTIC NETWORK

PATCHCORD AND CONNECTORS

FIBER OPTIC NETWORK

ESCON

LC (LAMPERT CONNECTOR)

SMA

FC/PC (FACE CONTACT /

PHYSICAL CONTACT)

MTRJ

E2000

FDDI (FIBER DISTRIBUTED

DATA INTERFACE)

SC (SUBSCRIPTION
CHANNEL)

ST (STRAIGHT TIP)

FIBER OPTIC NETWORK

POWER METERS
VARIABLE ATTENUATORS
OTDR
LIGHT SOURCE
FIBERSCOPE
DISPERSION TESTER

FIBER OPTIC NETWORK

24 F F.O CABLE TRANSMISSION LINK
SPLICING
POINT (JOINT)

1 2 3 4 5 . . . . . . . . 24
24 F ERICSSON ODF

SITE A

PATCH CORD

Optical Time Domain Reflectometer

(OTDR)

1 2 3 4 5 . . . . . . . . 24
24 F ERICSSON ODF

SITE B

FIBER OPTIC NETWORK

TRANSMISSION LOSS TESTING
CONDUCTED AT 1310 & 1550 nm
TRANSMIT POWER RECEIVE LEVEL = FIBER LOSS
24 F F.O CABLE TRANSMISSION LINK

SPLICING POINT (JOINT)

1 2 3 4 5 . . . . . . . . 24

1 2 3 4 5 . . . . . . . . 24

24 F ERICSSON ODF

24 F ERICSSON ODF

PATCH CORD
(FOR TESTING)
PATCH CORD
(FOR TESTING)

LIGHT SOURCE
(TRANSMIT SIDE)

SITE A

POWER METER
(RECEIVE SIDE)

SITE B

FIBER OPTIC NETWORK

FIBER OPTIC NETWORK

FIBER OPTIC NETWORK

ODF

PATCH PANEL

PIGTAIL

OPTICAL
EQUIPMENT

Fiber Cable

Fiber
Cable

ORGANIZER

COUPLER

FIBER OPTIC NETWORK

ODF

FIBER OPTIC NETWORK

PROTECTION SCHEMES (POINT TO POINT)
MSP 1+1
WORKING FIBER

DIVERSE
PROTECTION FIBER

B
SWITCHING
DURING FAILURE

MSP 1:1 or 1:N

WORKING FIBER

DIVERSE
PROTECTION FIBER

SWITCHING
DURING FAILURE

FIBER OPTIC NETWORK

PROTECTION SCHEMES (RINGS)
WORKING CAPACITY

A. 2F MS-SPRing (or BSHR, BLSR)

PROTECTION CAPACITY

B
STM-64 / 16

ADVANTAGE: PROVIDES MORE CAPACITY

FIBER OPTIC NETWORK

PROTECTION SCHEMES (RINGS)
WORKING CAPACITY

A. 2F MS-SPRing (or BSHR, BLSR)

PROTECTION CAPACITY

B
STM-64 / 16

FIBER OPTIC NETWORK

PROTECTION SCHEMES (RINGS)
WORKING CAPACITY

A. 2F MS-SPRing (or BSHR, BLSR)

PROTECTION CAPACITY

B
STM-64 / 16

FIBER OPTIC NETWORK

PROTECTION SCHEMES (RINGS)
B. 4F MS-SPRing

STM-64 / 16

FIBER OPTIC NETWORK

PROTECTION SCHEMES (RINGS)
C. SNCP

STM- 64 /16 / 4 / 1

FIBER OPTIC NETWORK

NETWORK MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

NETWORK
MANAGER

ELEMENT
MANAGER
ELEMENT
MANAGER
(CRAFT
TERMINAL)

GNE

NE

NE

NE

NE
NE

NE
NE

NE

NE

EXTERNAL
NETWORK
NE

NE
NE

NE
NE

NE

FIBER OPTIC NETWORK

NETWORK MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
BASIC FUNCTIONS
CONFIGURATION MANAGEMENT
FAULT MANAGEMENT
PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT
SECURITY MANAGEMENT
ACCOUNTING MANAGEMENT

TRANSPORT ARCHITECTURE

MSC/MG
W

INTERNET

CEN

DFON

MSAP
MW RADIO

SD
H

MSAP / CEN
SD
H

SDH
SD

BSC
RNC

SPDH

SPD
H

MSAP

MSAP/FIT
L (Access

MSAP/FITL
(Access Ring)

Ring)
SPDH

SPDH

SPDH
PDH

VSAT
FIBER
DROP/
FITL

VSAT

AGGREGATO
R SWITCH
LEASED
LINE

IP
RADIO
IP RADIO

ACCESS
GATEWAY

FOC

FITL

PDH
VIA SMART BRO,
GPRS, EDGE,
HSPA SERVICES

MW RADIO

THANK
THANK YOU!
YOU!