CHAPTER 3

SAMPLING AND SAMPLING

DISTRIBUTION
LESSON ONE

SAMPLING
DISTRIBUTION OF
SAMPLE MEANS

Starting Point : ENTRY CARD

A. Constructing Frequency Distribution

The following are the blood types of a group of individuals

in a government office. Construct a frequency distribution for
the different blood types.
A

AB

AB

AB

AB

Starting Point : ENTRY CARD

B. Computing for the Mean of a Sample

Find the mean of the following sets of number.

Given
2,3,8,10,4
6,10,9,12,4,5
12,2,5,7,11,8,4
14,10,15,14,17,19,20
20,22,24,18,14,25,26,28

Mean

Starting Point : ENTRY CARD

C. Evaluating Combination of N Objects Taken n at a
Time.
Evaluate the following.
1. 5C3
C4

2.

3.

4.

10

5.

12

C6
C3

C8

Getting Ready
Researchers use sampling if taking a census of the entire

population is impractical .
Data from the sample are used to calculate statistics, which
estimates of the corresponding population parameters.
Parameters are the descriptive measures computed
from a population.
Statistics are descriptive measures computed from a
sample.
Therefore we say that the sample mean is an estimate of the
population mean

In-class Activity 1: Sampling Distribution of

Sample Means
A population consists of the numbers 2,4,9,10 and 5. let us list all the

possible samples of size 3 from this population and compute the mean
of each sample.
Sample

Mean

2,4,9

5.00

2,4,10

5.33

2,4,5

3.67

2,9,10

7.00

2,9,5

5.33

2,10,5

5.67

4,9,10

7.67

4,9,5

6.00

4,10,5

6.33

9,10,5

8.00

In-class Activity 1: Sampling Distribution of

Sample Means
The number of the samples of size n that can be

drawn from the population of the size N is given

by NCn.
A sampling distribution of sample means is a

frequency distribution using the means computed

from all possible random samples of specific size
taken from a population.

In-class Activity 1: Sampling Distribution of Sample Means

This time, let us make a frequency distribution of the

sample means.
Sample Mean

Frequency

3.67

5.00

5.33

5.67

6.00

6.33

7.00

7.67

8.00

Total

n =10

In-class Activity 1: Sampling Distribution of Sample Means

Any mean based on the sample drawn from the

population is expected to assume different values for

the samples.
This leads to a conclusion that sample mean is a
random variable, which depends on a particular
sample.
the random variable has what we call
probability distribution

Wherein it is called the sampling distribution of the sample

means. Refer to Table 3.1.

In-class Activity 1: Sampling Distribution of Sample Means

Table 3.1 Sampling Distribution of Sample Means
Sample Mean
XX

Frequency

Probability
P (XX)

3.67

1/10 = 0.10

5.00

1/10 = 0.10

5.33

2/10 = 0.20

5.67

1/10 = 0.10

6.00

1/10 = 0.10

6.33

1/10 = 0.10

7.00

1/10 = 0.10

7.67

1/10 = 0.10

8.00

1/10 = 0.10

Total

n = 10

1.00

In-class Activity 1: Sampling Distribution of Sample Means

Observe that the means of the sample are

less than or greater than the mean of the

population.
Sampling Error is the difference

between the sample mean and the

population mean.
- it is the error due to sampling.

In-class Activity 2: Draw Cards

Sample of three cards are drawn at random from a

population of eight cards numbered from 1 to 8.

a. How many possible samples can be drawn?
Steps
Identify the given.
Use the formula NCn to find the
number of possible samples that
can be drawn.

Solution
Here N=8 and n= 3.
8

C3 = 56

In-class Activity 2: Draw Cards

b. Construct the sampling distribution of sample means.
Table 3.2. Sampling Distribution of Sample Means
Sample Mean
XX

Frequency

Probability
P(XX)

2.00

1/56

2.33

1/56

2.67

1/28

3.00

3/56

3.33

1/14

continuation
Sample Mean
XX

Frequency

Probability
P(XX)

3.67

5/56

4.00

3/28

4.33

3/28

4.67

3/28

5.00

3/28

5.33

5/56

5.67

1/14

6.00

3/56

6.33

1/28

6.67

1/56

7.00

1/56

Total

56

1.00

In-class Activity 2: Draw Cards

c. Construct a histogram of the sampling distribution
of the means.
7/50

Probability P (XX)

3/25
1/10
2/25
3/50
1/25
1/50
0/ 1

Sample Mean XX

Mathematical Journal
Steps in Constructing the Sampling Distribution of the

Means
1. Determine the number of the possible samples that
can be drawn from the population using the formula:
N

Cn

where : N = size of the population

n = size of the sample
2. list all the possible samples and compute the mean of
each sample.
3. Construct a frequency distribution of the sample
means obtained in step 2.

EXERCISES
1.How many different samples of size n=3 can

be selected from a population with the

following sizes?
a. N=4
b. N=8
c. N=20
d. N= 50

EXERCISES
2. A population consists of the five number 2,3,6,8,
and 11. Consider samples of size 2 that can be drawn
from this population.
a. List all the possible samples and the corresponding
mean .
b. Construct the sampling distribution of the sample
means.
c. Draw a histogram of the sampling distribution of
the means.

CHAPTER 3

SAMPLING AND SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION

LE SS O N T W O

FINDING THE MEAN AND

VARIANCE OF THE
SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION
OF MEANS

Starting Point : Entry Card

Rolling a Die
The following are the data obtained from rolling a
die several times. Compute the mean and variance of
the frequency distribution.
A.

Outcomes

Number of Occurrence

12

Starting Point : Entry Card

B. Mean and Variance of the Probability

Distribution.
Find the mean and the variance of the following
probability distribution.
X
P (X)
1

0.237

0.317

0.178

0.157

0.070

0.026

0.015

In class Activity 1 : Mean and Variance of the

Sampling Distribution of Sample Means
Consider a population consisting of 1,2,3,4 and 5.

Suppose samples of size 2 are drawn from this

population.
Describe the sampling distribution of the sample

means.
What is the mean and variance of the sampling
distribution of the sample means?
Compare these values to the mean and variance
of the population.
Draw the histogram of the sampling distribution of
the population mean.

In class Activity 1 : Mean and Variance of the

Sampling Distribution of Sample Means

1. Compute the mean of the population ()

Solution :

3.00

Therefore, the mean of the population is 3.00

In class Activity 1 : Mean and Variance of the

Sampling Distribution of Sample Means
2. Compute the variance of the population ().
Solution :
X-

(X - )2

-2

-1

4
(X - )2 = 10

2 =
=
=2

The variance of
the population is 2.

In class Activity 1 : Mean and Variance of the

Sampling Distribution of Sample Means

3. Determine the number of possible samples

of size n=2.
Solution :
Use the formula NCn. Here N=5 and n = 2.
5

C2 = 10

There are 10 possible sample of size 2 that

can be drawn.

In class Activity 1 : Mean and Variance of the

Sampling Distribution of Sample Means
4. List all possible samples and their corresponding means.
Samples

Mean

1,2

1.50

1,3

2.00

1,4

2.50

1,5

3.00

2,3

2.50

2,4

3.00

2,5

3.50

3,4

3.50

3,5

4.00

4,5

4.50

In class Activity 1 : Mean and Variance of the

Sampling Distribution of Sample Means

5. Construct the sampling distribution of

the sample means.
Sampling Distribution of Sample Means
Sample Mean
XX

Frequency

Probability
P (XX)

1.50

1/10

2.00

1/10

2.50

1/5

3.00

1/5

3.50

1/5

4.00

1/10

4.50

1/10

Total

10

1.00

In class Activity 1 : Mean and Variance of the

Sampling Distribution of Sample Means

6. Compute the mean of the sampling

distribution of the sample mean (XX).
Follow these steps :
Multiply the sample mean by the corresponding
probability.
Sample
Probability
XX . P (XX)
Mean
P (XX)
b. Add the results.
a.

XX

Solutions:
XX . P (XX)
= 3.00
The mean of the
sampling
distribution of
sample means is
3.00

1.50

1/10

0.15

2.00

1/10

0.20

2.50

1/5

0.50

3.00

1/5

0.60

3.50

1/5

0.70

4.00

1/10

0.40

4.50

1/10

0.45

Total

1.00

3.00

In class Activity 1 : Mean and Variance of the Sampling

Distribution of Sample Means

7. Compute the variance of the sampling

distribution of the sample means. Follow these
steps :
a. Subtract the population mean from each

sample mean . Label this as XX -.

b. Square the difference. Label this as (XX -)2.
c. Multiply the results by the corresponding
probability. Label this as P (XX). (XX -)2
d. Add the results.

In class Activity 1 : Mean and Variance of the

Sampling Distribution of Sample Means

Solutions:
XX

P (XX)

XX -

(XX -)2

P (XX). (XX
-)2

1.50

1/10

-1.50

2.25

0.225

2.00

1/10

-1.00

1.00

0.100

2.50

1/5

-0.50

0.25

0.050

3.00

1/5

0.00

0.00

0.000

3.50

1/5

0.50

0.25

0.050

4.00

1/10

1.00

1.00

0.100

4.50

1/10

1.50

2.25

0.225

Total

1.00

P(XX). (XX -)2

= 0.75
The variance the sampling distribution is 0.75

0.750

In class Activity 1 : Mean and Variance of the Sampling

Distribution of Sample Means
8. Construct the histogram for the sampling distribution of the
sample means.
0.25
0.2
Probability XX
0.15
0.1
0.05
0

1.5

2.5

3.5

Sample Mean XX

4.5

In class Activity 2 : Sample Means From A

Finite Population

1. Compute the mean of the population ()

Solution :

3.00

Therefore, the mean of the population is 3.00

In class Activity 2 : Sample Means

From A Finite Population
2. Compute the variance of the population ().
Solution :
X-

(X - )2

-2

-1

4
(X - )2 = 10

2 =
=
=2

The variance of
the population is 2.

In class Activity 2 : Sample Means From A

Finite Population

3. Determine the number of possible samples

of size n=2.
Solution :
Use the formula NCn. Here N=5 and n = 2.
5

C2 = 10

There are 10 possible sample of size 2 that

can be drawn.

In class Activity 2 : Sample Means From A

Finite Population
4. List all possible samples and their corresponding means.
Samples

Mean

1,2,3

2.00

1,2.4

7/4 = 2.33

1,2,5

8/3 = 2.67

1,3,4

8/3 = 2.67

1,3,5

3.00

1,4,5

10/3 = 3.33

2,3,4

3.00

2,3,5

10/3 = 3.33

2,4,5

11/3 = 3.67

3,4,5

4.00

In class Activity 2 : Sample Means From A

Finite Population

5. Construct the sampling distribution of

the sample means.
Sampling Distribution of Sample Means
Sample Mean
XX

Frequency

Probability
P (XX)

2.00

1/10

7/3

1/10

8/3

1/5

3.00

1/5

10/3

1/5

11/3

1/10

4.00

1/10

Total

10

1.00

In class Activity 2 : Sample Means From A

Finite Population

6. Compute the mean of the sampling

distribution of the sample mean (XX).
Follow these steps :
Multiply the sample mean by the corresponding
probability.
Sample
Probability
XX . P (XX)
Mean
P (XX)
b. Add the results.
a.

XX

Solutions:
XX . P (XX)
= 3.00
The mean of the
sampling
distribution of
sample means is
3.00

1/10

1/5

7/3

1/10

7/30

8/3

1/5

8/15

1/5

3/5

10/3

1/5

2/3

11/3

1/10

11/30

4.00

1/10

2/5

Total

1.00

3.00

In class Activity 2 : Sample Means From A Finite

Population

7. Compute the variance of the sampling

distribution of the sample means. Follow these
steps :
a. Subtract the population mean from each

sample mean . Label this as XX -.

b. Square the difference. Label this as (XX -)2.
c. Multiply the results by the corresponding
probability. Label this as P (XX). (XX -)2
d. Add the results.

In class Activity 2 : Sample Means From A

Finite Population

Solutions:
XX

P (XX)

XX -

(XX -)2

P (XX). (XX
-)2

1/10

-1

1/10

7/3

1/10

-2/3

4/9

2/45

8/3

1/5

-1/3

1/9

1/45

1/5

0.00

10/3

1/5

1/3

1/9

1/45

11/3

1/10

2/3

4/9

2/45

1/10

1/10

Total

1.00

1/3 = 0.33

2x P(XX). (XX -)2

= 0.33
The variance the sampling distribution is 0.33

In class Activity 1 : Mean and Variance of the Sampling

Distribution of Sample Means
8. Construct the histogram for the sampling distribution of the
sample means.
0.25
0.2
Probability XX
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
Sample Mean XX

 Summary of activities and comparison of the means and variances of the

population and the sampling distribution of the means.
Activity 1

Activity 2

Population
(N = 5)

Sampling
Distribution of
the Sample
means
(n = 2)

Population
(N = 5)

Sampling
Distribution of
the Sample
means
(n = 2)

Variance

2 2.00

2x 0.75

2x 2.00

2x 0.33

Standard
Deviation

1.41

x 0.87

1.41

x 0.57

Mean


The variance of the sampling distribution is

obtained by using a formula, 2X = .

This formula holds when the population is

finite.
Finite Population is one that consists of a

finite or fixed number of the elements

measurement, or observations.
Infinite Population contains,
hypothetically at least an infinite elements.
- is called the finite population correction
factor in which in general when the
population is large and the sample size is
small, the factor is not used since it is very
close to 1.

Properties Of The Sampling Distribution Of Sample Mean

If all possible samples of size n are drawn from a population of size N with

mean and the variance 2 then the sampling distribution of the means has
the following properties:

The mean of the sampling distribution of the sample means is equal to

population mean . That is, XX =.
2. The variance of the sampling distribution of the means is given :
2X = for finite population and
2X = for infinite population
3. The standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the sample means is
given by :
X = for finite population where is the finite population correction factor
X = for infinite population
1.

The Standard Error Of The Mean

is the standard deviation of the

sampling distribution of the sample
means.
It measures the degree of accuracy of

the sample mean as an estimate of the

population mean.
A good estimate of the mean is

obtained if the standard error of the

mean is a small or close zero.
A poor estimate , if the standard error

The central limit theorem

if the random sample of size n are
drawn from a population, then as n
becomes larger, the sampling
distribution of means approaches
the normal distribution, regardless
of the shape of the population
distribution

In- Class Activity 3 : Describing The Sampling

Distribution Of The Sample Mean From An Infinite
Population.

Example 1.
A population has a mean of 60 and a standard
deviation of 5. A random sample of 16
measurements is drawn from this population.
Describe the sampling distribution of the
sample means by computing its mean and
standard deviation

In- Class Activity 3 : Describing The Sampling

Distribution Of The Sample Mean From An Infinite
Population.
1.
Identify the given information.
Solution :
= 60, = 5, and n = 16
2. Find the mean of the sampling distribution. Use the
property that XX =
Solution :
XX =
= 60
3. Find the standard deviation of the sampling distribution.
Use the property that X =
Solution :
X == = 5/4 = 1.25

Exercises
a. Find the finite population correction factor

given the following :

a. N= 200, n = 10
b. N = 2000, n = 10
c. N = 400, n = 40
d. N = 500, n = 10
e. N = 200, n = 20

Exercises
B. Consider all samples of size 5 from this population:
2 5 6 8 10 11 12 13
1.

Compute the mean () and the standard deviation () of the population.

2.

List all samples of sizes 5 and compute the mean (XX) for each sample.

3.

Construct the sampling distribution of the sample means

4.

Calculate the mean (XX ) of the sampling distribution of the sample

means. Compare this to the mean of the population.

5.

Calculate the standard deviation ( X ) of the sampling distribution of the

sample means. Compare this to the standard deviation of the population.

Exercises
C.

Solve the following problems. Assume that the

population is infinite in each case.
1.

The scores of individual students on national test

have a normal distribution with mean 18.6 and
standard deviation 5.9. At Federico Ramos Rural High
School, 76 students took the test. If the scores at this
school have the same distribution as national scores,
what are the mean and standard deviation of the
sample mean for 76 students?

2.

A random sample of n= 60 measurements id

obtained from a population with = 192 and = 43.
Describe the sampling distribution for the sample
means by computing the XX and X .

CHAPTER 3

SAMPLING AND SAMPLING

DISTRIBUTION
LESSON THREE

SOLVING PROBLEMS
INVOLVING SAMPLING
DISTRIBUTION OF THE
SAMPLE MEANS

Starting Point : Entry Card

a. Revisiting the z- score

A National Achievement Test was given to a group of high

school graduating students. The result shows that mean score
is 95 with a standard deviation of 15. Determine the standard
score corresponding to the following scores.
Score
110
100
95
85
70

Standard Score

Starting Point : Entry Card

b. Areas Under the Normal Curve
Find the area under normal curve given the following
conditions.
Conditions
Between z = 0.5 and z =1.5
Between z = -1.5 and z = - 0.25
Between z = 0.75 and z =1.5
To the left of z =1.5
To the right of z = 0.75

Illustration

Area

Getting Ready