R OM E

Introduction
Many cities around the world have popular
nicknames. You might be wondering, "How did
these nicknames come to be?" For example, New
York City is called The Big Apple because sports
writer John J. Fitzgerald coined the city
nickname and used it regularly in his column,
and it caught on from there. Then why is roam
called the "eternal city" well, In the Aeneid, an
epic by Virgil, the poet describes Rome this way:
“Imeprium sine fine,” which translates in English
as “an empire without end.” This prideful
attitude toward the city in this phrase is believed
to come from the citizens feeling that even if
empires rose and fell, the city would last forever.

ROME
 EARLIEST HISTORY
Founding of Rome There is
archaeological evidence of human
occupation of the Rome area from
at least 5,000 years, but the dense
layer of much younger debris
obscures Palaeolithic and Neolithic
sites.The evidence suggesting the
city's ancient foundation is also
obscured by the legend of Rome's
beginning involving Romulus and
Remus.

Ruins of the Forum, Looking towards

1 . Mythological Origin
2 . Historical Origin
 Mythological Origin: Historical Origin:

According to Roman mythology, Rome The historical origins of Rome are more complex
was founded by Romulus in 753 BCE. and involve a combination of indigenous Latin-
Romulus and his twin brother Remus were speaking people and influences from neighboring
said to be the sons of the god Mars and civilizations. The early inhabitants of the region
were likely a mix of Latins, Sabines, and
were abandoned and left to die on the
Etruscans. The Etruscans, an advanced civilization
banks of the TiberModern art were
River. They
in Italy, had a significant influence on early Roman
discovered by a she-wolf who nurtured and
culture and urbanization. The city of Rome itself is
raised them. As they grew older, Romulus believed to have emerged as a center of trade and
and Remus decided to establish a city, but commerce, benefiting from its strategic location
they had a dispute over its location. near the Tiber River and connections with other
Romulus killed his brother Remus and settlements in the region.
became the sole ruler of the city, which he
named Rome in his honor.
The INVENTIONS and
DISCOVERIES of the
Roman civilization
 Aqueducts Concrete
The Romans constructed an extensive network of The Romans perfected the use of concrete, a
aqueducts, which were elevated channels used to material made by mixing lime, volcanic ash, and
transport fresh water to the cities. These engineering aggregate. This innovation allowed for the
marvels enabled the distribution of water across vast construction of durable and large-scale structures
distances and supported the growth and development such as buildings, bridges, and aqueducts. The most
of Roman cities. One famous example is the Aqua famous example is the Pantheon in Rome.
Claudia in Rome.
 Roads The Julian Calendar
The Romans built an extensive network of roads,
Julius Caesar, the Roman dictator, reformed the
known as the Roman road system. These roads were
Roman calendar in 45 BCE to create the Julian
constructed with a durable foundation and allowed
calendar. It introduced the concept of leap years to
for efficient military transportation, trade, and
account for the inaccuracies in the previous Roman
communication across the vast Roman Empire. The
calendar and served as the basis for the modern
Appian Way is one of the most famous Roman
Gregorian calendar.
roads.
 Roman Arch and Vault Sewage and Sanitation Systems
The Romans developed the use of the arch and vault The Romans developed elaborate sewage and
in architecture. This allowed for the construction of sanitation systems, including public toilets, sewer
grand structures like the Colosseum, which featured networks, and public baths. The Cloaca Maxima, an
a complex system of arches, as well as the use of ancient sewer system in Rome, is a notable example
domes in buildings like the Pantheon. of their engineering prowess.
 Hypocaust Heating System Military Innovations
The Romans developed a sophisticated underfloor The Romans perfected the use of concrete, a
heating system called the hypocaust. It involved a material made by mixing lime, volcanic ash, and
network of raised floors under which hot air aggregate. This innovation allowed for the
circulated, providing warmth to buildings such as construction of durable and large-scale structures
bathhouses and villas. such as buildings, bridges, and aqueducts. The most
famous example is the Pantheon in Rome.
 Public Libraries Coins and Currency
The Romans had public libraries, known as The Romans were pioneers of a monetary
bibliothecae, which housed a vast collection of system, developing standardized coins widely
scrolls and books. The most famous example is used for trade and economic transactions. They
the Library of Alexandria, though it was introduced metal coinage, including gold, silver,
primarily of Hellenistic origin. and bronze coins, simplifying transactions
across the empire.
 Architecture Urban Planning
The Romans excelled in architectural Roman cities were meticulously planned, with
innovations, developing techniques such as the grid-like street systems, public squares, and
use of the arch, vault, and dome. They architectural features such as forums. The city
constructed monumental structures like of Pompeii provides a well-preserved example
amphitheaters, basilicas, and triumphal arches. of Roman urban planning.
 Public Health and Concrete Sea Walls
Medicine
Romans made advancements in public health by The Romans developed innovative techniques
implementing public baths, aqueducts for clean to construct durable sea walls and harbors
water supply, and hygiene practices. They also using a combination of concrete and hydraulic
made contributions to medicine, with notable engineering. An example is the Port of Ostia in
physicians like Galen advancing medical Italy.
knowledge and practice.
 Legal System Newspaper/Public Press
The Romans developed a sophisticated legal Acta Diurna, or daily acts, was the first
system that formed the basis for many modern newspaper published by the ancient Romans as
legal principles. Their legal concepts, such as the early as 131 BC. Despite the fact that no
establishment of legal rights and the idea of copies of this paper have survived, it is usually
"innocent until proven guilty," influenced legal assumed that it published reports of events,
assemblies, births, funeral ceremonies, and
systems worldwide.
everyday gossip.
 Roman Numerals The Codex
Roman numerals were invented by ancient Rome Writings were typically carved into wax slabs or
but continued to be used after the Roman Empire scrolls, which were difficult to store, transport,
ended. The number system employs seven and were brittle. Julius Caesar commissioned one
fundamental characters from the Latin alphabet: of the very first bound book, a collection of
papyrus bound together to form a codex. This
I, V, X, L, C, D, and M, which represent 1, 5, 10,
provided a more secure and manageable method
50, 100, 500, and 1000, respectively. of securing the data.
 Surgical Instruments Apartments
The apartments in Rome were frequently
The Romans created precision medical housed in structures known as insulae. Since
instruments that influenced many modern Rome was always in need of more housing
surgical instruments. Some of the earliest space due to population pressures, architects
manuals on medical practices were also proposed stacking six to eight apartment
blocks around a staircase and central
written by the Romans, most notably
courtyard rather than building new homes
Galen's work. outward.
 NOTE:
The Roman civilization built upon the
knowledge and ideas of earlier civilizations,
such as the Greeks and Etruscans. The Romans
adapted and improved upon existing
technologies, leaving a lasting impact on a
wide range of fields.
 Citations and References:
• Beard, M., & Crawford, M. (2015). Rome: A History in Seven Sackings. Profile Books.
• Grant, M. (1999). The Romans: Builders of an Empire. Simon & Schuster.
• Rich, J., & Shipley, G. (1996). War and Society in the Roman World. Routledge.
• Vitruvius. (1999). De architectura (The Ten Books on Architecture). Cambridge University
Press.
• Grant, M. (1999). The Romans: Builders of an Empire. Simon & Schuster.
• Mazois, F. (2012). The art of architecture: A Roman invention. Parkstone International.
• Forsythe, G. (2005). A Critical History of Early Rome: From Prehistory to the First Punic War.
University of California Press.
• Cornell, T. (1995). The Beginnings of Rome: Italy and Rome from the Bronze Age to the Punic
Wars (c. 1000–264 BC). Routledge.
• McFadden, C. (2022, December 1). 16 historical Roman inventions that shaped the modern
world.
T ha nk yo u!

GROUP 5: ASCURA, EUSEBIO, TIO, OLILANG, CHAO, GUALDAD