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CMT Prac 2004 Sec 2 CMT Additives

This document discusses various cement additives and their uses in oil and gas well cementing applications. It describes additives that can shorten initial cement set times, accelerate strength development, control viscosity and fluid loss, retard cement setting, increase or decrease density, improve bonding, and prevent gas migration and lost circulation. Specific additives are calcium chloride, sodium chloride, lignosulfonates, bentonite, pozzolans, foaming agents, barite and other density materials. The document provides recommended additive concentrations and applicable temperature ranges for different well conditions and cementing objectives.

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51 views34 pages

CMT Prac 2004 Sec 2 CMT Additives

This document discusses various cement additives and their uses in oil and gas well cementing applications. It describes additives that can shorten initial cement set times, accelerate strength development, control viscosity and fluid loss, retard cement setting, increase or decrease density, improve bonding, and prevent gas migration and lost circulation. Specific additives are calcium chloride, sodium chloride, lignosulfonates, bentonite, pozzolans, foaming agents, barite and other density materials. The document provides recommended additive concentrations and applicable temperature ranges for different well conditions and cementing objectives.

Uploaded by

charlessimo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Cement Additives

Specific Materials for


Optimum Cement
Performance

Shorten Initial Set Time


and Accelerate
Compressive Strength
Development
2

Calcium Chloride

Most widely used


2 to 4% (bwoc)
40 to 120 F
Anhydrous, regular, powder, liquid

Sodium Chloride (Salt)

Used when calcium chloride is not preferred


Not as effective as calcium chloride
Accelerates at low concentrations
3 to 12% (bwow)
Decreases viscosity
Increases fluid loss
50 to 120 F

Densified Cement
0.5 to 1.0% Dispersant
3.1 to 3.4 gal/sk water
High compressive strengths

Seawater

Coastal areas
Mixing water (no cost)
Contains 1.5 to 2% soluble chlorides
Behaves similarly to 1% calcium chloride

Slow Cement Hydration


To Allow For
Safe Cement Placement
5

Calcium lignosulfonate
Sodium lignosulfonate
Blend of calcium lignosulfonate &
organic acid
CMHEC
Organic acids
Synthetic retarders

Lower Mixing Viscosity


and Decrease the Rate
for Turbulent Flow
7

Lower Fluid Loss Rate


of Cement Slurry
During and After Placement
8

Bentonite
Organic polymers (cellulose)
Organic polymers (dispersants)
Latex additives

Lower Hydrostatic Pressure


and Improve Slurry Economy
10

Bentonite
Attapulgite
Diatomaceous earth
Pozzolan
Gilsonite/Coal
Fumed Silica
Perlite/Hollow Microspheres

11

Lightweight Additives
Bentonite/Attapulgite

Swells 10 times its original dry volume


Dispersant often used to control viscosity (> 8% gel)
4 to 5 times less gel is required if it is pre-hydrated
Salt will reduce the yield
Up to 16% (< 500 F)

Anhydrous sodium metasilicate

1 to 3% (BHCT < 200 F)


Liquid (0.635 gal/sk)
Difficult to retard
Not recommended with:
Calcium chloride
Salt at high concentrations
12

Pozzolanic Materials (Fly Ash)

Decreases Slurry Cost


Lightens Slurry Weight
Enhances Pumpability
Reduces Permeability
Promotes Bonding
Improves Chemical Resistance
Reduces sulfate attack
Resists corrosion from seawater
Has some acid resistance

13

Fumed Silica
High Surface Area Silica
Primary Functions
Extender for lightweight cement
Compressive strength enhancer
Thixotropic tendencies

Secondary Effects
Low temperature accelerator
Provides minor fluid loss control

Available as Powder or Liquid

14

Foam Cement
Advantages

Economically competitive
Excellent strength to density ratio (low
permeability)
Reduces filtrate loss
Settling Control
Imparts compressibility
Combats annular gas invasion
Controls high volume water flows
High temperature cementing (< 600 F)

15

Heavyweight
Additives
Increase Slurry Density
To Control Formation
Pressure

16

Hematite ore (5-5.2 S.G.)


Barite (4.9 S.G.)
Hausmannite ore (4.9 S.G.)
Sand (2.65 S.G.)

17

Improve Bond of
Cement
to Pipe and Formation
18

Aluminate-sulfate additives and cements


Polyvalent metal oxides
In-situ gas generators
Compressible cements

19

Prevent Annular Gas


Migration

20

Gas
Migration

Gas
Channel

Gas flows
Through Un-Set
Cement After
Loss of
Oberbalance
Pressure
Flow through
unset cement
leads to channel
in set cement
21

Prevent and Release


Entrained Air
While Mixing Cement
22

Defoamers

Decrease Foaming Tendency


Minimize Air Entrainment
Improve Density Measurements
Common Foamers or Air Entrainers

Salt (seawater, KCl)


Surfactants (Latex systems)
Lignin type retarders
Bentonite slurries

If Used in Foam Cements, Determine That the


Foam is Stable

23

Prevent Loss of Whole


Fluid
Before and During
A Cement Job
24

Lost Circulation
Problems
Low Fracture
Gradient
Unconsolidate
Formations
Fractured
Formations
Cavernous
Formations
25

Granular (gilsonite, coal, perlite,


walnut hulls, mica)
Fibrous (nylon, polypropylene)
Lamellated (cellophane)
Specialized flash setting or gelling
materials

26

Lost Circulation
Unconsolidated or Highly Permeable
Formations
Permeability exceeding 100 darcies
Gradual loss of fluid
Easily controlled

Fractured Formations
Natural and induced fractures
Rapid to complete loss of circulation

Cavernous Formations
Erosive action of subsurface waters
Complete and sudden loss of circulation

27

Lost Circulation Materials


Granular
Asphaltene/Coal
4 to 100 mesh (1.07 S.G.)
5 to 25 lb/sk (< 230 F)
Avoid bottom plugs when using bridging agents

Walnut Shells
Course, medium, and fine grind
1 to 5 lb/sk (< 290 F)

Perlite/Hollow Microspheres
Expanded volcanic rock/ lightweight cellular material
0.5 to 1.5 cu.ft./sk (< 260 F)

28

Lost Circulation Materials


Granular
Granulite TR 1/4
4 to 16 mesh Ground Tires (1.14 S.G.)
1 to 3 lb/sk (< 400 F)
Avoid bottom plugs when using bridging agents

Perfect Seal
16 to 100 mesh Graded Ceramic (1.5 to 2.5 S.G.)
1 to 5 lb/sk (< 1000 F)

29

Lost Circulation Materials


Laminated

3/8 to 3/4 inch cellophane flakes


1/8 to 1/2 lb/sk (< 260 F)

Fibrous

Fibrous material (unstranded rope)


Provides shatter resistance to set cement
1/2 to 1/8 lb/sk (< 260 F)

30

Lost Circulation Materials


BDO-Bentonite-Diesel Oil Slurry
Avoid water contamination (oil based spacer is required)

BCDO-Bentonite-Cement-Diesel Oil Slurry


DOB2C-Diesel Oil-Bentonite-2 sacks Cement
DOC-Diesel Oil-Cement Slurry

31

Special Additives
Salt
Silica flour
Tracers
Dyes
Gypsum

32

Strength Stabilizing Additives


Fumed silica effective to 275 F
Fine crystalline silica
Prevents strength retrogression
35% (or greater) when BHSTs > 230 F
Better suspension

Coarse crystalline silica


Same application as SSA-1
Heavy weight slurry applications

33

Salt Cementing
Flowable Salt Zones
Plastic flow
Causes casing deformation or collapse
Prevented by proper mud displacement and rapid strength
development of cement
Salt added to cement not important
Foamed cement typically effective

Non-flowable Salt Zones

Bonding to salt zone critical


Saturated salt slurries recommended or
Foamed cement slurry containing 18% salt
Be careful not to over-retard
34

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