Cementing Additives

231M104

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 Objectives
At the end of this module, the trainees will be able to do the
following:

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• Explain why additives are added to the slurry
• List the families of cementing additives
• Explain the function of various cementing additives
• Design theoretically a slurry (open book)
• Search for the information

2 Additives
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 Well Conditions
Mud Removal
Friction Pressure
Mixability
Pumpability

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Permeable Well Control
formations Over Pressure
Weak Formations
Gas control

Temperature Lost
Circulation
Strength Retrogression Antifoam Foamers (Foamed cement)

3 Additives
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 Well Conditions
Additive Category
Problem Slurry Parameter
Solutions
Well Control Extenders
Over Pressure Density
Weak Formation Weighting Agents

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Accelerators
Temperature Thickening Time
Retarders
Permeabile Formations Fluid Stability FLAC
Fluid Loss Control
Mud Removal Dispersants
Friction Pressure Rheology
Mixability/Pumpability Gelling Agents
Plugging
LCM
Lost Circulation Bridging Properties
Density Extenders
Abnormal & Special Conditions

Heat Retrogression Hydration Product Silica

Foamers Stabilized Foam Capability Foaming Agents & Stabilizers

Foamers Foaming Tendency Anti-Foam

4 Additives
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 Cementing Additives
• Accelerators and Retarders • Dispersants
– Change thickening time – Improve mud removal

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– Alter rate of compressive – Improve mixability
strength development – Reduced water slurries
• Extenders – Reduce friction pressure (Low
– Reduce slurry density Ty and Pv)
– Increase slurry yield • Fluid Loss Control
• Weighting Agents • Lost Circulation Material (LCM)
– Increase slurry density
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 Specialty Additives
• Antifoam/ defoamer agents
• Bonding agents

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• Expansive additives
• Gas migration control additives.
• Thixotropic systems

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 Antifoam Agents
• What cause foam?
– Properties of materials
– Poor wetting of solid particles

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• Why use antifoam agents?
– Prevent slurry gelation/ prevent poor hydration
– Prevent pump cavitation
– Allow true slurry density to be mixed and pumped
• Properties of antifoam
– Insoluble in the foaming fluid
– Have more surface active than foaming fluid
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 Antifoam Agents
• Mechanism of action
– Spread on foam surface with lower surface tension

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– Enter foam reducing film and causing rupture
• Types of antifoam agents
– Polyglycol ethers Solid: D046 (0.20 lb/sk)
Liquid: D047 (0.05 - 0.07 gal/sk)
– Silicones Liquid: D175 (0.01 - 0.05 gal/sk)
Liquid: M045 (0.05 gal/sk)

8 Additives
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 Conductor pipe
• Prevents washing out under rig
• Short rig downtime
• Quick setting cement -rapid

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development of compressive
strength
• Accelerated slurries, e.g.
– Neat Cement+NaCl (D44) 3-5%
– Neat Cement+CaCl2 (S1) 2-4%
– Neat Cement+Sea Water
• Cemented with Stab-in or just driven
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 Accelerators
• Shorten hydration reaction stage I and II ( setting time)
• Accelerate stages III and IV ( hardening process )

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• Change in C-S-H structure à more permeable
• Offset retarding effects of other additives
I II III IV V

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 Accelerators
Solid accelerator :
• S001 (CaCl2-solid) 1 - 4 % BWOC
• D044 (NaCl) <10 % BWOW

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Liquid accelerator
• D077 (CaCl2-liquid) 0.2 - 0.4 gal/sk
• D186 ( Low Temp Cmt Set Enhancer )
• Sea Water
– Check consistency near river mouths

11 Additives
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 Calcium Chloride (CaCl2)
• S001, D077
– Most effective accelerator, range 1-4% BWOC
– Purity 77 %

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– Effect on Thickening Time
Thickening Time (h:mn)
CaCl2 91oF 103oF 113oF
(%BWOC)
0 4:00 3:30 2:32
2 1:17 1:11 1:10
4 1:15 1:02 0:58
* 2 % is the optimum concentration

12 Additives
 Calcium Chloride (CaCl2)
- Effect on early compressive strength development
Compressive Strength at Temperature
(psi)
60oF 80oF 100oF

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CaCl2 6 hr 12 hr 24 hr 6 hr 12 hr 24 hr 6 hr 12 hr 24 hr
(%)
0 NS 60 415 45 370 1260 370 840 1780
2 125 480 1510 410 1020 2510 1110 2370 3950
4 125 650 1570 545 1245 2890 1320 2560 4450

-D077 Liquid CaCl2

- Contains 32 % - 38% CaCl2
- Remote humid location
13 Additives - Offshore operation
 Calcium Chloride (CaCl2)
Secondary effects :
• Increased temperature
– Heat of solution of CaCl2

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– Additional accelerating effect (on surface?)
– Casing expansion
• Increased rheology (gelation)
• Possibility of uncontrolled setting ( flash set ) above 5 %
• Increased permeability
– Reduced sulfate resistance
14 Additives
 D044 Sodium Chloride
• Not very efficient as accelerator
• Act as accelerator <10% BWOW
• Prefer range 3-5% BWOW

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8
Slurry consistency (hr)
Time to reach 100 Bc

136°F (58°C)
6

154°F(68°C)
4
179°F (81°C)
2 210°F (99°C)

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
NaCl IN MIX WATER (% BWOW)
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 D044 Sodium Chloride
• Effect on Compressive strength development
• Prefer range 3-5% BWOW

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3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500 8 Hr Compressive Strength (psi)
0
Salt 30% Salt SALT-
Free Salt with BOND
FL

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 D186 Low Temp Cement Set Enhancer
• Temperature range 45 F to 130 F ( can be use at lower
temp)

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• Compatible with most common additives
• Short transition time 70 Bc – 100 Bc à Gas tight system
• Lower Pv and Ty compared to S001 slurry
• Early compressive strength development even at low
temp
• Density application 8 ppg – 18.5 ppg
– CemCRETE
17 Additives
– DeepCRETE
 Surface Casing
• Unconsolidated zones
• Low temperatures

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• Deep water offshore
• Large volume of slurry
• Light weight slurries
• 12.8 ppg Extended lead + 15.8 ppg neat tail
– Prehydrated bentonite 2-3%
– Neat Cement+0.5-1% S1
– 2/3 lead, 1/3 tail annulus height
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 Slurry Density
Changing
Lighter of Heavier
slurry density Less Water
More Water*

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•Absorbent Neat Cement •Heavy Material
•Light Material 15.6 ppg Class A •Dispersant
15.8 ppg Class G
16.4 ppg Class H
Lower Density Higher Density

*D124 is an exception as an extender as is foamed cement

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 Extenders
Classification :
• Water based extenders
– Water Increase free fluid
– D020, D128 Clays (Bentonite) à check viscosity

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– D075, D079 Chemical extenders (Sodium silicates)
à need Ca2+ to work
• Low density solids
– D035, D602 Pozzolans (Fly ashes, diatomaceous earth)
– D154, D155 Microsilica
• Very low density materials
– Nitrogen Foamed Cement:- need stabilizer
– D124 (LITEFIL) Ceramic microspheres, 5000 psi max

20 Additives
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 Extenders
Slurry Density ( lb / gal )
Extender or Lightweight System
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Bentonite D020 11.5 15

Gilsonite D024 12 15

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LITEPOZ 3 D035 12 14.7
LITEPOZ 6 D048 12 14.7
KOLITE* D042 12 15
TXI Lightweight Cement D049 12 14.2
Sodium Metasilicate D079 11 14.6
Sodium Silicate D075 11 14.5
LITEFIL D124 9 12
Diatomaceus Earth D602 11 14.5
Foamed Cement 6 15
Microsilica 11 15

* Source CMM section 8

21 Additives
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 Bentonitic Extenders
Bentonite Clays

Beneficiated Non-treated
(Peptized)

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Montmorillonite Attapulgite
D020: Fresh water D128: Sea Water
General properties
•Water based extender •Economical and widely available
•SG = 2.65 •Decrease compressive strength
•Dry blended or pre-hydrated •Increase permeability
•Concentration 0 - 20% BWOC •Viscosify slurries (lots of solids)
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Sodium Silicates (D75)/ Metasilicates (D79)
• React with cation / Ca2+ à Need CaCl2
• Form viscous, gelatinous silicate gel
– binding extra water

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– low free fluid separation
• Better than Bentonitic extender system :
– Low rheologies for mixing and turbulent flow
– Higher compressive strength
• No inherent fluid-loss control (use D112 FLAC)
• Relatively low concentration
• Ca-Silicate acts as accelerator at low temp ( < 185 F )
• Thickening time defined by POD (Point of Departure) not 100 Bc
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 Low Density Solids
Pozzolans:
• Natural à Diatomaceous earth (D602)

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• Artificial à LITEPOZ / Fly ash (D035)
React with CaOH in slurry à create cementitious material
– Corrosion brine resistance
– Low permeability
– Thermal Resistance

24 Additives
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 Low Density Solids
D024 Gilsonite Microsilica (D154, D155)
• Solid hydrocarbon (Asphaltite) • Pozzolanic material
• Inert (no reaction)

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• Improve fluid loss control
• Give good compressive
strength • Increase BC
• Max BHST 300 F (melted) • Max BHCT 185 F (difficult to
• Can act as LCM retard and gellation)
• Bridge of at high concentration
• D155 is liquid suspension of
and excessive water
D154

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 Very Low Density Materials
Ceramic Microsphere,LITEFIL Foamed Cement systems
D124 • Nitrogen injected into slurry

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• Standard Pressure grade - with foamer
5000 psi • Very low densities achieved > 6
• Ceramic or glass microspheres lb/gal
• Inert • Good mechanical properties
• Density range 8.5 - 14.5 lb/gal

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 Intermediate Casings
• Workable sections
• 13 3/8” over 3,000 feet deep
• Often 2-stage cementing

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• Low cost
• Extended lead and neat tail,
e.g.
– Prehydrated bentonite 2-3 %
– D075 0.28 gal/sk + 1% S1
– 15.8 ppg tail
• All slurries to be retarded.
• Can have some fluid loss
control
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 Production Casings
• Isolate production zones
• Small diameter casing

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• Cost less important
• Good bonding
• Usually has fluid loss control
• Low friction pressures
• Mud removal is important
• Slurry at 15.8 ppg or more
• All slurries to be retarded
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 Hydration of Cement
I II III IV V

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min hr days

I. Pre - Induction Period

II. Induction Period
III. Acceleration Period
IV. Deceleration Period
V. Diffusion Period
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 Stages 1: Pre-Induction
Stage 2: Induction Period
Al OH Ca Si
Ca SO4

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Seconds

Ettringite

Hours
C - S - H Gel

Protective layers stops reactions - Pumping time

30 Additives
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 Retardation of Cement Systems
• Applications
– Intermediate and production strings
– Surface and conductor casings (long pumping times)
– Squeeze and cement plugs

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– High temperature and depth
• Chemical Classes of Retarders
– Lignosulphonates (D013, D081, D800, D801)
– Hydroxycarboxylic acids (D110)
– Inorganic compounds (D093*)
– Cellulose derivatives
– Blended retarders (D028, D150, D121)
– Designed for purpose (D161, D177, D197, D198)
31 Additives
*Retarder Aid
 Mechanism of Retardation
• Factors affecting mechanism of action
– Chemical nature of retarder

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– Chemical composition of cement
• Theories of mechanism of action
– Adsorption
– Precipitation
– Nucleation
– Complexation

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 Mechanisms of Retardation
• Adsorption Theory
– Adsorption of Retarder onto cement surfaces to inhibit contact with
water and make the surfaces hydrophobic

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– Modify CSH Gel to make it less permeable
• Precipitate Theory
– Ca and OH react with retarder to precipitate an impermeable layer
• Nucleation Theory
– Retarder adsorbs to poison nucleation and growth sites
• Complexation Theory
– Retarder complexes with Ca to minimize the driving force for reaction
and prevent formation of nucleation sites
33 Additives
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 Retarders
Mix Water
BHCT Range ( Deg F )
Retarder System Fresh Sea + % NaCl
100 F 200 F 300 F 400 F 5 18 37
D013 / D081 140
D013 / D081 + Dispersant 185
D028 / D150 220 300

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D028 / D150 + D121 220 350
D028 / D150 + D093 220 400
D110 175 300
D110 + D093 / L010 175 375
D161 250 450
D161 + UNIFLAC 185 450
D800 / D801 125 250
D800 / D801 + D093 / L010 125 310
D177 140 220
D177 + UNIFLAC 140 250
D197 140 250
D198 150 250

34 Additives
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 Retarders
• Possible negative effects of conventional retarders :
– Gelation (ex. Lignosulfonates)

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– Dispersion
– Increased fluid loss
– Incompatibility
– Slow the development of compressive strength

35 Additives
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 Properties of Individual Retarders
Lignosulfonates (Low - Medium Temperatures)
D013, D081, D800, D801

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– Most common retarder derived from wood pulp
– Active ingredient alcohol and carbohydrates
– MW 20000 - 30000
– Work better with low C3A which consumes retarder
– D800/ D801 higher temperatures stability than D13/ D081
– Adsorption and Nucleation theories
36 Additives
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 Properties of Individual Retarders
Carboxylic Acids (Medium to High Temperature) - D110
– Carboxyl and OH groups strongly complex Calcium

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– Nucleation theory
– Powerful Retarders: Easily over-retarded at T < 90 deg C
– Very sensitive concentration
Inorganic Retarders ( Medium to High Temperature) - D093
– Borax
– Use as retarder: Adsorption theory?
– Use as retarder aid by stabilizing other retarders
37 Additives
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 Properties of Individual Retarders
Blended
• D150, D028 : Sugar plus Lignin Amine

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– High Temperature Applications
– Strongly Complexing
– Complexation and Nucleation PoisoningTheory
– Can separate into individual components
• D121: Mixed dispersant and retarder
– Lignosulphonate and HydroxyCarboxylic Acid
– High Temperature Application often with D028
38 Additives
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 Properties of Individual Retarders
New Generation Retarders :
• UNISET
– D161 UNISET HT

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– D177 UNISET LT
• D197 AccuSET
• D198 Synthetic solid retarder

39 Additives
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 UNISET
D161 UNISET HT
• Blended inorganic and organophosphate salt
– Medium to high temperature retarder

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– Adsorption theory
– More tolerance to
• variation of concentration
• variation of temperature
• shear
– Rapid compressive strength development
– Compatible with salt water up to 25% NaCl
40 Additives
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 UNISET* HT Setting Characteristics
8
Ratio of TTR 50 psi @ 320oF

7
Conventional
6
to TT @ 350oF

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5
4
3
2
1 D161
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Thickening Time @ 350oF

41 Additives

* Mark of Schlumberger
 UNISET
• D177 UNISET-LT
– Organic Salt

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– Low to Medium temperature retarder
– Nucleation theory
– Should not be used with D075, D155
– Compatible with fresh water or sea water
– Low sensitivity of thickening time with changing of
temperature

42 Additives
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 UNISET* LT Concentration Sensitivity
10
Conc - 10% Conc Conc +10%
Thickening Time (hours)

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6

0
0.05 (140) 0.15 (185) 0.30 (220)
Concentration in gal/sk (Temperature in deg F)

43 Additives
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* Mark of Schlumberger
 UNISET* LT Temperature Sensitivity
12
0.15 gal/sk
Thickening Time (hours)

10

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8
0.05 gal/sk
6
4
2
0
130 - 140 - 150 172 - 185 - 198
Temperature (deg F)

44 Additives
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* Mark of Schlumberger
 AccuSET - D197
• 3rd Generation Retarder
– 1st Gen = Lygnosulphonate based retarders
– 2nd Gen = D177 / UNISET

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– 3rd Gen = AccuSET
• Main Advantages :
– Lower sensitivity to temperature variations than
conventional retarders.
– Shorter WOC times for long cement columns
Especially if the temperature at the top of cement is below
80°C (e.g., tie-back cementing )
45 Additives
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 AccuSET - D197
• Feature of D197
– Liquid additive SG: 1.33
– Green additive (Very low toxicity, biodegradable )

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– Temperature range up to 121°C (250°F) BHCT
– Can be used with all API cements (A, B, C, G and H) and TXI
lightweight cement D049
– Compatible with common cementing additives; D047, D175,
D080, D145A, D185, D193, UNIFLAC, D600G
– Compatible with CemCRETE additives (no density limitation)
– Can be used in cement slurries extended with D075 (or
D079) or bentonite D020
46 Additives
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 AccuSET – D197
Mechanism
0.7

0.6
Accelerator Retarder Aid
Retarder Conc. (gps)

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0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2
AccuSET
1st Generation
0.1

0
50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130oC
120 140 160 175 195 210 230 250 265 oF
47 Additives
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 AccuSET - D197
Less sensitive to temperature changes
0.9
0.8 1st Generation
Gallons per sack cement

0.7

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3rd Generation
0.6
0.5
0.4 30%
0.3
0.2
0.1
0 5%
60 70 80 90 100 110 120 o
C
o
140 160 175 195 210 230 250 F
48 Additives
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 AccuSET - D197
Long Liner => Early compressive strength development
160
Thickening Time at 100 C
140
Setting time at 60 C

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120
100
Time (hours)

80
60
40
20 5:32 5:30 5:22
0
0.08 gps AccuSET 0.18 gps 0.22 gps

3rd Generation 2nd Generation 1st Generation

49 Additives
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 D198 – Synthetic Solid Retarder
Feature and Advantages
• Not lignosulphonate solid retarder
• Not polymer, chemistry well defined

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• Better performance and lower product cost than D800
• Low sensitivity to temperature variations - predictable
thickening time
• Low concentrations required compared with existing solid
retarders (D800, B178, B155)
• Short transition from 30 Bc to 100 Bc
• Faster compressive strength development
50 Additives
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 D198 – Synthetic Solid Retarder
Comparing Thickening Time Behavior D198 vs. D800 @ 152
oF 160 100

90
150
Temperature (degF) 80
140 D198 @ 0.07%

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Consistency (Bc)
D800 @ 0.16% 70
BHCT (degF)

130
60

120 50

40
110
30
100
20
90
10

80 0
0:00 1:12 2:24 3:36 4:48
51 Additives
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Thickening Time (hr:mn)
 D198 – Synthetic Solid Retarder
Faster CS development
200 20 5000
200 20 5000

D198 180 18 4500

D800
180 18 4500

160 16 4000
160 16 4000

140 14 3500

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140 14 3500
Compressive Strength (psi)
Transit Time (microsec/in)

120 12 3000 120 12 3000

Compressive Strength (psi)

Transit Time (microsec/in)
Temperature (°C)

Temperature (°C)
100 10 2500 100 10 2500

80 8 2000 80 8 2000

60 6 1500 60 6 1500

40 4 1000 40 4 1000 Temperature

Compressive Strength
20 2 500 20 2 500 Transit Time

0 0 0 0 0 0
0 15 30 45 60 75 0 30 60 90 120

0 30 60
Time (HH)

0 30 60
Time (HH)

Time (HH) 90 120Time (HH)

• D198 à Compressive Strength 500 psi @ 11:02 hrs.

• D800 à Compressive Strength 500 psi @ 25:29 hrs

52 Additives
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 D198 – Synthetic Solid Retarder
Benefits Quantifiable
• Direct application in cementing operations
• Inventory reduction (due to concentration reduction)
• Effective cost reduction

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– Direct (product cost)
– Indirect (due to concentration reduction)
Benefits Not quantifiable
• Improve service quality
• Saving (engineer/lab personnel)/hrs designing and testing
(predictable behavior)
• Improve time response in unplanned jobs (P&A, squeeze jobs, etc.)
53 Additives
6/13/23
 Fluid Loss in Cement Slurries
• Definition
– Filtrate (aqueous solution) lost to the formation

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– Filter cake deposited at formation face
– Cement particles left in annulus
• Why cement slurry loses water
– Differential pressure
– Permeable medium (formation)
– Water/cement ratio. Hydration needs

54 Additives
6/13/23
 Fluid Loss in Cement Slurries
• Fluid loss stages
– Dynamic fluid loss

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– Static fluid loss
• Effect of Fluid loss on slurry properties
– Thickening time and yield point versus water concentration
– Damage to some formations by filtrate
– Gas migration through thick filter cake and through poor
quality cement

55 Additives
6/13/23
 Effect of Fluid Loss on Slurry Properties
REDUCED INCREASED
Slurry yield Slurry density

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Free Water Plastic viscosity
Thickening Time Yield point
Settling Compressive Strength
Bulk Shrinkage Bonding
Mud Removal Efficiency
Hydrostatic (psi/ft)

56 Additives
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 Thickening Time versus Density
160

Thi
cke
Thickening Time (min)

Schlumberger Private
nin
g Tim
e

Yield Stress
Yield Stress
40

15.6 Slurry Density (ppg) 16.4

57 Additives
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 Mechanisms of Fluid Loss Control
• Reduce cement filter cake permeability
– Particulate materials to fill voids

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– Polymer particles to plug pores
– Polymer film over cement particles/ pores
– Change cement particle distribution with dispersants
• Increase viscosity of aqueous phase
– Addition of water soluble polymers
– Also reduce filter cake permeability
– Effect small compared to permeability reduction
58 Additives
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 Mechanisms

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Particle Plugging Polymer Plugging
59 Additives
 Additives for Fluid Loss Control
Particulates
• Particulate FLACs: D020, D134, D600G, D500

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• Latex FLACs: D134, D600G,D700
Water Soluble Polymers
• Cellulose Derivation D059, D112
• Non-Ionic and Anionic, Synthetic Polymer D159, D160, D193
• Synthetic Polymer D167, D168

60 Additives
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 Acceptable Fluid Loss Limits
Typical Values: (API test, 1000 psi)
• Gas migration prevention 30 - 50 ml/30 min
• Liner cementing < 50 ml/30 min

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• Casing cementing 200 - 300 ml/30 min
• Horizontal well cementing < 50 ml/30 min
• Squeeze Cementing
– Formation with K < 1 md 200 ml/30 min
– Formation with 1<K<100 md 100 - 200 ml/30 min
– Formation with K>100 md 35 - 100 ml/30 min
• High density slurry < 50 ml/30 min
61 Additives
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 FLAC Temperature Range
Mix Water
FLAC BHCT Range Fresh Sea + NaCl (% )
0F 50 F 100 F 150 F 200 F 250 F 300 F 350 F 400 F Water Water 5 10 15 18 37

D059 150 200

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D059 + S001 100 200
D065A 120 250
D080A 120 250
D604AM 120 250
D604AM + D135 120 350
D112 40 200
D159 50 230
D160 80 230
D193 32 200
D134 + D135 250 375
D600G 150 250
D600G + D135 150 350
D700 250 375
D167 UNIFLAC 32 400
D168 UNIFLAC 32 400

62 Additives
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 FLAC Selection Guide
Selection for FLAC to be used are based on
- Temperature application
- Effect of FLAC on other slurry properties

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- Compatibility with other chemical used
- Performance ( Cost Effectiveness )
- Availability of the FLAC in location

63 Additives
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 Dispersants with FLACs
Mechanism of action
• Disperse cement grains and improve packing reduce

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permeability
• Flocculate with salt plugging action
Without Dispersant With Dispersant
Filter Cake

Random Packing Ordered Packing

High Permeability Low Permeability

64 Additives
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 Dispersants
Cement slurry rheology
– Volume of particles/ total volume
– Inter-particle interactions

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– Aqueous phase rheology
Change with dispersants
Why dispersants?
– Reduce viscosity and yield point
– Turbulent flow easier to achieve (Clients like slurry in turbulent for
liner)
– Reduce friction pressures
– Improve cement slurry mixability (lower Ty)
– Reduced water slurries (density up to 18 lb/gal)
65 Additives
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– Improve efficiency of fluid loss control additives
 Types of Dispersants
Sulfonates
• Sodium Polynapthalene Sulfonate (PNS) D065, D080
• Polymelamine Sulfonate (PMS) D145A

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• Aromatic polymer D065A, D080A
• Organic polymer D604M, D604AM
Lignosulfonates
• Lignin Derivative/HydroxyCarboxylic Acid D081*
• Hydroxy Carboxylic Acid D121*
* Also a retarder
66 Additives
6/13/23
 Dispersants Selection
Based on :
• Dispersibility behavior of cement

Schlumberger Private
• ETD ( Easy to Disperse )
Fresh Water Slurry
• DTD ( Difficult to Disperse )
• ETDS ( Easy to Disperse in Salt )
Salt Water Slurry
• DTDS ( Difficult to Disperse in Salt )
• Bottom hole Circulating Temperature
• Required slurry properties
67 Additives
6/13/23
 Dispersant Action - Electrostatical
Ca++ -
-
SO3
Ca++ CSH +Ca+ -S03

Ca++
Cement grain
PNS

Schlumberger Private
Ca++
Ca++ CSH - + Ca + - 03S
-
DISPERSANT SO3
MOLECULE

• Dispersant are negatively charged, fixes on Ca++

• Cement grain surfaces become uniformly negatively
• Alike signs repel one another - dispersion
• Too much dispersant (Overdispersion) > Phase separation
68 Additives
6/13/23
 Dispersant Action - Sterical

Cement Dispersant molecule ‘adsorbs’

Schlumberger Private
grain onto cement grain surface
PNS

• Does not require a charged polymer

• Adsorption of polymers able to induce ‘steric’ repulsion
• Can be a dual effect with electrostatic repulsion (i.e. PNS)
• Has been shown to be a much stronger repulsive
mechanism
69 Additives
6/13/23
 Workable Range of D080 in ETD Cement
D80
20 30 30
UNDERDISPERSED OVERDISPERSED

25 Yield Value 25
15

Schlumberger Private
20 20
Free Water
Yield Value (lb/100ft 2 )

10 15 15
FREE
WATER (%)

10 10
5
PLASTIC VISCOSITY Viscosity
(cp)15
5 5

0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25

D80 (gal/sk)
70 Additives
6/13/23 Note: With ETD Cement @ 186°F
 Use of TIC D604M in ETD
20 30 30
Underdispersed

25
Yield value 25
15 Acceptable Range
Yield Value (lb/100ft2)

20 20

Schlumberger Private
Viscosity
Free Water
10 15 15 (%)

10 10
5
Plastic Viscosity
(Cp) Free water
5 5

0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25

D604M (gal/sk)

Note: ETD Cement at 185°F

71 Additives
 Slurry Density
Changing
Lighter of Heavier
slurry density Less Water
More Water*

Schlumberger Private
•Absorbent Neat Cement •Heavy Material
•Light Material 15.6 ppg Class A •Dispersant
15.8 ppg Class G
16.4 ppg Class H
Lower Density Higher Density

*D124 is an exception as an extender as is foamed cement

72 Additives
6/13/23
 Weighting Agents
• Requirements
– High Specific gravity

Schlumberger Private
– Compatible particle size and distribution (settling)
– Low water adsorption (efficiency)
– Availability and acceptable cost
– Purity and consistency of product
– Inert

73 Additives
6/13/23
 Commonly Used Weighting Agents

Additional Water
CODE AGENT SG
gal/lb

Schlumberger Private
D031 Barite 4.22 0.0240
D076 Hematite 4.95 0.0023
D907 Cement 3.2 0.0529
D157 Micromax 4.7 - 4.9 0.0011

74 Additives
6/13/23
 Strength Retrogression
• Above 230 deg F BHST unstabilized cement will undergo:
– A reduction in strength

Schlumberger Private
– An increase in permeability
• Due to conversion of C-S-H gel to more crystalline CSH
• Prevented by the addition of 30 - 40% BWOC silica reduces
C/S ratio of C-S-H gel

75 Additives
6/13/23
 Strength Retrogression
1. CS and K - neat cement @ 230oC (450oF)
2. CS and K -
16.0 lb/gal Class G
+ 35% silica

1. Class G + 44% water

2. Class G + 38% water

Schlumberger Private
3. Class H + 32% water 1 D30 @230oC(450oF)
4. Extended cement 2 D66 @230oC(450oF)
3 D66 @320oC(610oF)

1 D30 @230oC(450oF)
2 D66 @230oC(450oF)
3 D66 @320oC(610oF)

76 Additives
 D030 Cement Silica & D066 Silica Flour
Name D030 Cement Silica D066 Silica flour
Particle Size
70 - 200 >200
US Mesh
~10% +12%
Add. Water

Schlumberger Private
1.12 gal/sk 1.34 gal/sk
Specific gravity 2.63 2.63
Applications
High density Preferred Alternative
Low density Alternative Preferred
Settling problems Alternative Preferred
Mixing problems
Preferred Alternative
(Rheology)
Use above 300deg F Alternative Preferred
77 Additives
6/13/23
 Slurry Stability

Schlumberger Private
Free Water Free Water and Sedimentation
78 Additives
 Anti Settling Additives
• Anti Settling Additives reduce
– Free water

Schlumberger Private
– Sedimentation
– Slurry instability
• Compatible with all Cementing products and cement
• No significant effects on slurry properties, except rheology
• Temperature range: up to 300 deg F
• Antisettling Agent D153: 0.1 - 1.5 % BWOC
• Liquid Antisettling Agent D162: 0.005 - 0.025 gal/sk
79 Additives
6/13/23
 Lost Circulation Control
• Reduce density
• Reduce friction pressure

Schlumberger Private
• Add Particulate LCM
– Granular
– Flake/Laminar
– Fibrous

80 Additives
 Granular Lost Circulation Materials
• D42 - KOLITE* additive
– Ground coal
– SG - 1.3
– Concentration - 5 - 25 lb/sk
– Slurry stability is key

Schlumberger Private
• D24 - Gilsonite
– Ground asphaltinic material
– SG - 1.07
– Similar to D42
– Temperature limitation of 300oF due to softening
• Mechanism
– Bridging
• Handling
– Mixing difficulties at high concentrations
81 Additives
 Flake Lost Circulation Materials
• D29 (Cellophane flake)
– Concentration - 1/8 to 1/2 lb/sk

Schlumberger Private
• D130 (Polyester flakes)
– Concentration - 1/8 to 1/2 lb/sk
• Mechanisms
– Form “mat” on fractures, vugs, etc..
• Handling
– Mixing difficulties at high concentrations
82 Additives
 Lost Circulation - Others

Other Treatments for Lost Circulation include:

Schlumberger Private
• Zonelock S and SC
• InstanSeal
• InstanSeal Cement
• ShearSeal
• Regulated Fill-Up Cement

83 Additives
6/13/23
 Lost Circulation - CemNET
Main Applications
• A new approach on controlling massive losses
using fibers in cement.

Schlumberger Private
• Completely compatible with all cement systems
and additives.
• Non formation damage has been reported.

84 Additives
6/13/23
 CemNET - The product
• Dimensions: 15-20 microns diameter and 12 mm long
• Density similar to the cement

Schlumberger Private
• Flexible fiber
• Compatible with:
– All Schlumberger cementing additives
– CemCRETE slurries
• Temperature range from 50 to 500 degF
• Typical Concentration: from 0.5 to 0.8 lb/sack
85 Additives
6/13/23
 Features and Benefits
• Stabilizes with randomly oriented fibers
• Properties increase combined the fibers with the

Schlumberger Private
WELBOND systems
• Uses physics mechanism of fibers for reinforcement
• Enhance slurry set properties with tensile strength
absorbing impacts and maintaining the integrity of the
cement while being drilled.
• No formation damage by the addition of the fiber.

86 Additives
6/13/23
 CemNET - Lab Comparison

Properties Base Slurry With 1 lbs/sack CemNET*

Fluid Loss 56 ml 48 ml
Free Water 0 0

Schlumberger Private
Rheology Pv = 35, Ty = 8 Pv = 36, Ty = 6
Thickening Time 3h25min 3h30min
Compressive Strength 1076 1290

• CemNET Fibers are readily

dispersed in water-based
fluids such as cement

87 Additives
6/13/23
 CemNET - QHSE
PPE required
• Respirator with dust/mist protection

Schlumberger Private
• Chemical splash goggles
• Impervious suit
Toxicology
• Irritation/Illness
Developing a Feeder

88 Additives
6/13/23
 CemNET - Summary
• A new way to approach losses of circulation
• CemNET features:

Schlumberger Private
– Compatible with all Schlumberger Additives/Systems
– Use physics mechanism of fibers for reinforcement
• CemNET Benefits
– Stabilizes with randomly oriented fibers
– Enhance slurry set properties with tensile strength
– No formation damage has been reported
89 Additives
6/13/23
 Cement Additives
Additive Category
Problem Slurry Parameter
Solutions
Well Control Extenders
Over Pressure Density
Weak Formation Weighting Agents

Schlumberger Private
Accelerators
Temperature Thickening Time
Retarders
Permeabile Formations Fluid Stability FLAC
Fluid Loss Control
Mud Removal Dispersants
Friction Pressure Rheology
Mixability/Pumpability Gelling Agents
Plugging
LCM
Lost Circulation Bridging Properties
Density Extenders
Abnormal & Special Conditions

Heat Retrogression Hydration Product Silica

Foamers Stabilized Foam Capability Foaming Agents & Stabilizers

Foamers Foaming Tendency Anti-Foam

90 Additives
6/13/23