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Bionic Eye: A Look Into Current Research and Future Prospects

This document discusses research into bionic eyes and their future prospects. It begins by explaining causes of blindness and why progress is being made due to successes with pacemakers and cochlear implants. It then overviews different bionic eye technologies under development, including retinal implants from MIT-Harvard and devices that replace part or all of the eye's functionality. The document discusses how these implants work and various challenges including biocompatibility, image resolution, and providing power to the implants. It concludes by noting how bionic devices are advancing to not just replace parts but also fight illnesses, with providing power and brain connections being key challenges going forward.

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kani2893
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51 views25 pages

Bionic Eye: A Look Into Current Research and Future Prospects

This document discusses research into bionic eyes and their future prospects. It begins by explaining causes of blindness and why progress is being made due to successes with pacemakers and cochlear implants. It then overviews different bionic eye technologies under development, including retinal implants from MIT-Harvard and devices that replace part or all of the eye's functionality. The document discusses how these implants work and various challenges including biocompatibility, image resolution, and providing power to the implants. It concludes by noting how bionic devices are advancing to not just replace parts but also fight illnesses, with providing power and brain connections being key challenges going forward.

Uploaded by

kani2893
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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BIONIC EYE

A Look into Current Research


and Future Prospects
Blindness
Inability to see
Causes of Blindness
Damage to:
Clear Structures in the eye, that allow the
light to pass through
The nerves within the eye

Optic Nerve

Brain
Why we should be optimistic?
The Success of :
Cardiac pacemakers as neural prosthesis

Cochlear implants to restore hearing to the


deaf
Rapid developments in :
VLSI design

Micro- fabrication technology


Overview
Biology of the Eye
MIT Harvard Device
ASR Artificial Silicon Retina
MARC Multiple Unit Artificial Retina Chip
Set System
BIONIC EYE ?
Bio-electronic eye
Electronic device which replaces
functionality of a part or whole of the eye
Used for replacing functionality (or)
Adding functionality to the eye
The Eye
Human Eye is similar to a camera
Macula provides the highest
resolution of the image which
we see.
Macula is comprised of multiple
layers of cells which process
the initial analoglight energy
entering the eye into digital
electrochemical impulses.
Human eye has nearly
100 million photoreceptors.
The Eye with Retina
Diseases of the Eye

Retinitis Pigmentosa
Macular Degeneration
Retinitis Pigmentosa
Hereditary Genetic Disease
Peripheral Rods degenerate
Gradually progresses towards center of
eye
Spares the foveal region
Tunnel vision results
Macular Degeration
Genetically Related
Cones in Macula region degenrate
Loss or damage of central vision
Peripheral Retina spared
Common among old people
Retinitis Pigmentosa
( Opthalmoscope View )

NORMAL EYE DEFECTIVE EYE


Macular Degeneration
(Opthalmoscope View)

NORMAL EYE DEFECTIVE EYE


Regions of Implantation
Retina
Optic Nerve
Lateral geniculate
body
Visual Cortex
Site of Implant
Implant Structure

Layers
1- Photodiode Array
2- Polyimide strip
3- Stimulator chip

Electrodes on other
end of Polyimide strip
Working of the System - 1

CCD camera input External light


intensity
CCD output amplitude-modulates laser
source
This hits photodiode array of implant
This in turn powers stimulator chip (SC)
Working of the System - 2
SC drives current to electrodes facing
retina
This excites the ganglionic cells > axons >
optic nerve > visual cortex in occipital lobe
of brain
Brain helps in perceiving an image
The Whole Picture
Advantages
Very Early in the visual pathway
No Batteries implanted within body
No complicated surgical procedure
Power Requirement of milliwatt
Disadvantages
Axons b/w electrodes and ganglionic cells
Other axons get excited unwanted
perception of large blur
Extra circuitry required for downstream
electrical input
MANUFACTURING PROCESS
Implants are comprised of a doped and ion-implanted silicon
substrate disk to produce a PiN (positive-intrinsic-negative)
junction. Fabrication begins with a 7.6-cm diameter
semiconductor grade N-type silicon wafer.
For the MPA device, a photomask is used to ion-implant
shallow P+ doped wells into the front surface of the wafer,
separated by channel stops in a pattern of individual micro
photodiodes. An intrinsic layer automatically forms at the
boundary between the P+-doped wells and the N-type
substrate of the wafer.
BIO-COMPATIBILTY results
The good news
There is no progressive change in retinal
appearance that may be associated with retinal
toxicity.
How do we know? ----ERG and Ganzfeld stimulus
has an answer
The Bad news
Loss of photoreceptive layer over the region of
implant which is expected due to deprival of
oxygen and nutrients to those cells underlying the
chip.
Conceptual Design
Conclusion
Its been 40 years since Arne Larsson received the first fully
implanted cardiac pacemaker at the Karolinska Institute in
Stockholm.
Researchers throughout the world have looked for ways to improve
people's lives with artificial, bionic devices.

Bionic devices are being developed to do more than replace


defective parts.

Researchers are also using them to fight illnesses.

Providing power to run bionic implants and making connections to


the brain's control system pose the two great challenges for
biomedical engineering.
We are now looking at devices like bionic arms, tongues, noses etc.

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