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Petroleum is a naturally occurring flammable liquid found in rock formations beneath the Earth's surface. It is formed from the remains of ancient marine organisms like plankton and algae that lived millions of years ago. Over time, heat and pressure transform these organic materials into kerogen and then eventually into petroleum and natural gas through the processes of diagenesis and catagenesis.

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30 views18 pages

Presentation 2

Petroleum is a naturally occurring flammable liquid found in rock formations beneath the Earth's surface. It is formed from the remains of ancient marine organisms like plankton and algae that lived millions of years ago. Over time, heat and pressure transform these organic materials into kerogen and then eventually into petroleum and natural gas through the processes of diagenesis and catagenesis.

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http://www.ems.psu.

edu/~pisupati/
ACSOutreach/Natural_Gas.html
What is Petroleum?
• Naturally occur
• Flammable liquid
• -> within rock formations in the earth
• Mixture of hydrocarbons & other organic
compounds
• Hydrocarbons: depending on location (alkanes (or
“paraffins”), cycloalkanes, and various aromatic
hydrocarbons)
• Organic compounds: nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur
• Trace amounts of metals, such as iron
Formation
• Compression and heating of organic materials
over geologic time
• Contrary to coal, which owes its origins to the
decomposition of terrestrial plant life, petroleum
can be traced to the burial of marine (and also
lake dwelling) organisms, primarily prehistoric
zooplankton (protozoans, some types of
copepods, worms, krill, crabs, jellyfish, and the
larvae of fish and other invertebrates) and algae.
photosynthesis
• Hydrogen (from water) combines with carbon
(from carbon dioxide) using energy from the sun
to form organic matter (glucose) and free oxygen:

• chlorophyll plays a role in this reaction


• Chlorophyll is the party responsible for absorbing
the correct wavelength of sunlight, which then
allows the photosynthesis reaction to take place
• The glucose from this reaction is then synthesized
by autotrophic organisms (those that get their
energy from the sun) to construct all of the
organic matter that they need
• This is the basic process that produces all of the
organic matter on earth
• The [organic] chemical composition of bacteria,
phytoplankton, higher order plants (trees etc.),
and the things that eat them, can generally be
grouped into proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and
lignin
• Proteins are amino acids; they account for
nitrogen compounds in organisms and form
materials such as muscle fibers, silk, and sponge
and can even behave as enzymes to catalyze
biochemical reactions
• Carbohydrates are sugar compounds such as
cellulose and chitin
• They are sources of energy and form supporting
tissues in plants and certain animals
• Lipids are substances that, due to their structure,
are insoluble in water, such as animal fats,
vegetable oils, and waxes
• Fats form a portion of the energy budget in
organisms, while waxes are primarily of value for
protection
• Lignin is an integral part of cell walls in plants
and is one of the most slowly decomposing
components of dead plant matter
• It is highly prevalent in wood (25-30%) and is
crucial in helping plants to transmit water in their
stems
• It is used mainly in supportive skeletal structures
(stems or trunks), which, of course, are not
needed in aquatic plankton.
• Marine plankton are comprised mainly of protein
(50% or more), with 5-25% lipids, and not more
than 40% carbohydrates
• Higher order plants, on the other hand, are largely
cellulose (carbohydrate) (30-50%) and lignin (15-
25%), and average less than 3% protein.
Therefore, we have a significant division between
terrestrial and marine biomass.
• The former is high in lignin and carbohydrate and
is more aromatic and oxygen rich, exhibiting a
hydrogen- carbon ratio of 1.3 to 1.5
• The latter is rich in protein and lipids, reaching a
hydrogen-carbon ratio of 1.7 to 1.9
• These differences incur different properties in the
fuels that they will one day become, and alter the
way that they decompose.
Step 1: Diagenesis forms Kerogen
• Diagenesis is a process of compaction under mild
conditions of temperature and pressure
• When organic aquatic sediments (proteins, lipids,
carbohydrates) are deposited, they are very
saturated with water and rich in minerals
• Through chemical reaction, compaction, and
microbial action during burial, water is forced out
and proteins and carbohydrates break down to
form new structures that comprise a waxy
material known as “kerogen” and a black tar like
substance called “bitumen”
• All of this occurs within the first several hundred
meters of burial.
• The bitumen comprises the heaviest components
of petroleum, but the kerogen will undergo further
change to make hydrocarbons
Step 2: Catagenesis (or “cracking”) turns kerogen
into petroleum and natural gas
• As temperatures and pressures increase (deeper
burial) the process of catagenesis begins, which is
the thermal degradation of kerogen to form
hydrocarbon chains
• Importantly, the process of catagenesis is
catalyzed by the minerals that are deposited and
persist through marine diagenesis
• The conditions of catagenesis determine the
product, such that higher temperature and
pressure lead to more complete “cracking” of the
kerogen and progressively lighter and smaller
hydrocarbons
• Petroleum formation, then, requires a specific
window of conditions; too hot and the product
will favor natural gas (small hydrocarbons), but
too cold and the plankton will remain trapped as
kerogen

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