Chapter 10

Sexuality and Gender

psychology
fourth edition
Male and Female Physical Differences
• Primary sex characteristics: structures that
are present at birth - any of the body
structures directly concerned in reproduction
• Female primary sex characteristics
– vagina: the tube that leads from the outside of a
female’s body to the opening of the womb
– uterus: the womb in which the baby grows during
pregnancy
– ovaries: the female sexual glands
Male and Female Physical Differences

• Male primary sex characteristics

– penis: male sex organ
– testes (testicles): the male sex glands
– scrotum: external sack that holds the testes
– prostate gland: gland that secretes most of
the fluid holding the male sex cells or sperm
Male and Female Sexual Organs
These figures show the sexual organs of men and women. With the exception of breast
tissue development in the female, which occurs during puberty, all of these structures
develop during the prenatal period.
Male and Female Physical Differences
• Secondary sex characteristics
– sexual organs and traits that develop at puberty
and are indirectly involved in human reproduction
Male and Female Physical Differences

• Female secondary sex characteristics

– growth spurt
– onset of the menarche cycle: monthly
shedding of the blood and tissue that line the
uterus in preparation for pregnancy when
conception does not occur
– breast development
 mammary glands: glands within the breast tissue
that produce milk when a woman gives birth to an
infant
Male and Female Physical Differences

• Female secondary sex characteristics

– widening hips
– pubic hair
– fat deposits
– further growth and development of the uterus,
vagina, and ovaries
Male and Female Physical Differences

• Male secondary sex characteristics

– enlarged larynx (Adam’s apple)
– deepening voice
– facial and chest hair
– pubic hair
– coarser skin texture
– large increase in height
Development of Sex Characteristics

• Primary sex characteristics develop as the

embryo grows
– gonads develop at 5 weeks, but embryo could
potentially become either male or female
– chromosomes determine the release of male
or female hormones
 estrogens: female sex hormones
 androgens: male sex hormones.
 Gender
• Gender: the psychological aspects of
being male or female
• Gender roles: the culture’s expectations
for masculine or feminine behavior,
including:
– attitudes
– actions
– personality traits
 Gender

• Gender typing: the process of acquiring

gender role characteristics
• Gender identity: the individual’s sense of
being male or female
– transgendered: the sense of gender identity
does not match their external experience or
chromosomes
Biology & Learning Influences on Gender

• Biological influences: hormones,

chromosomes, and evolutionary selection
• Environmental influences:
– parenting
– culture: individualistic societies with high
standards of living are more accepting of
nontraditional gender roles, especially for
women
 Gender Role Development

• Social learning theory: gender identity is

formed through reinforcement of appropriate
gender behavior as well as imitation of
gender models
 Gender Roles
• Gender schema theory: a child develops a
mental pattern, or schema, for being male
or female and then organizes observed
and learned behavior around that schema
 Gender Stereotyping

• Stereotype: a concept held about a person

or group of people that is based on
superficial, irrelevant characteristics
• Gender stereotype: a concept held about a
person or group of people that is based on
being male or female
 Gender Stereotyping

• Sexism: prejudice against males and/or

females leading to unequal treatment
• Benevolent sexism: acceptance of positive
stereotypes of males and females that
leads to unequal treatment
 Androgyny
• Androgyny: characteristic
of possessing the most
positive personality
characteristics of males
and females regardless of
actual sex
– research shows less
depression among
androgynous people than
among traditional men and
traditional women
Depression as Influenced by Negative Life Events
The bar graph shows that men who are masculine and women who are feminine in their
gender roles experience a significant increase in depression when they are exposed to
an increased number of life events. The same is not true for people with an androgynous
gender role. How might being androgynous allow a person to be more adaptable?
Male & Female Gender Differences

• Cognitive differences
– male advantage in mathematical and spatial skills
– female superiority in verbal skills
– decreasing differences
• Emotional expression
– males tend to talk with each other in a “report” style
– females tend to talk to each other in a “relate” style
Stages of Human Sexual Response

• Excitement: beginning of sexual arousal

• Plateau: physical changes beginning in
first stage continue
Stages of Human Sexual Response

• Orgasm: a series of rhythmic contractions

of the muscles of the vaginal walls or the
penis; also the third and shortest phase of
sexual response
– men: semen released from the penis at
orgasm
– women: this involves the muscles of the
vaginal walls and can happen multiple times,
lasting slightly longer than the orgasm
experience of the male
Stages of Human Sexual Response

• Resolution: the final phase of the sexual

response, in which the body is returned to
a normal state
– refractory period: time period in males just
after orgasm in which the male cannot
become aroused or achieve erection
The Male Sexual-Response Cycle
A male experiences sexual arousal (excitement), a plateau lasting a few seconds to a few minutes, orgasm, and then
experiences a refractory period during which another erection is not yet possible. This refractory period can last for
several minutes to several hours and tends to increase in length with age. Resolution, in which the body returns to its
prearousal state, is last.
The Female Sexual-Response Cycle
Women can experience several different patterns of sexual response. In Pattern A, a woman experiences excitement, a
plateau, and orgasm in a manner similar to a man. Unlike a man, the woman does not have a refractory period and can
experience several orgasms before entering resolution. In Pattern B, there is a longer plateau period but no orgasm,
and in Pattern C, the woman goes from excitement to orgasm to a quick resolution without experiencing a plateau
period.
 Masters and Johnson Study

• Masters and Johnson observed and

measured physiological responses during
all phases of sexual intercourse
– used volunteers, some of whom were
prostitutes
 Kinsey Studies

• Series of sexual behavior surveys in the

late 1940s and early 1950s
• Revealed some highly controversial
findings about the kinds of sexual behavior
common among people in the United
States, including:
– homosexuality
– premarital sex
– extramarital sex
 Janus Report

• Large-scale survey of sexual behavior in

the United States in 1990s
• Did not differ widely from Kinsey studies,
but looked at many more types of sexual
behavior and factors related to sexual
behavior, including:
– sexual deviance: behavior that is unacceptable
according to societal norms and expectations
 Sexual Orientation
• Sexual orientation: a person’s sexual
attraction preference for members of a
particular sex
– heterosexual: attracted to the opposite sex
– homosexual: attracted to the same sex
– bisexual: attracted to both men and women
 Sexual Orientation

An asexual is someone who does not experience

sexual attraction. Unlike celibacy, which people choose,
asexuality is an intrinsic part of who someone is. There is
considerable diversity among the asexual community; each
asexual person experiences things like relationships, attraction,
and arousal somewhat differently. Asexuality does not make
anyone's life any worse or any better, they just face a different
set of challenges than most sexual people. Asexuality is distinct
from celibacy or sexual abstinence, which are behaviors, while
asexuality is generally considered to be a sexual orientation.
Some asexuals do participate in sex, for a variety of reasons.
 Sexual Orientation

• Development of sexual orientation

– coming to terms with identities
– upbringing and environmental experiences,
can be assumed to be a behavior that can be
changed
– biological differences in the brains of
heterosexual and homosexual males
– birth order Homosexuality - more common among men who
shared their birth mother with older brothers.
 Sexual Orientation

• Development of sexual orientation

– neuroimaging studies
 heterosexual men and homosexual women
seemed neurologically similar
 homosexual men and heterosexual women were
neurologically similar
– genetic influences on sexual orientation
– homosexuals are consistently “feminine” as
children
– kin selection hypothesis
 Sexual Dysfunction

• Sexual dysfunction: problem with sexual

functioning, or with physical workings of the
sex act in one of three areas
– sexual interest
– arousal
– response
• Organic or stress-induced dysfunction:
sexual problem caused by physical
disorder or psychological stress
Sexual Dysfunction
• Causes and Influences
– organic factors
– sociocultural factors
– psychological factors
 Sexual Dysfunction
• Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
Disorders, DSM-5
– sexual desire or arousal disorders
– disorders related to the physical act of intercourse
– disorders related to the timing or inability to reach orgasm
Excerpt:
Sexual dysfunctions are a heterogeneous group of
disorders that are typically characterized by a
clinically significant disturbance in a person’s ability to
respond sexually or to experience sexual pleasure.
An individual may have several sexual dysfunctions
at the same time.
 Sexual Dysfunction

• Prevalence
– worldwide about 40 to 45 percent of women
and 20 to 30 percent of men have at least one
sexual dysfunction, and the rate increases as
we age
– for all of the sexual dysfunctions, treatment can
include medication, psychotherapy, hormone
therapy, stress reduction, sex therapy, and
behavioral training
Sexually Transmitted Infections
• STIs are also called sexually transmitted
diseases, or STDs
• Sexually transmitted infections (STI) can
affect the sexual organs and the ability to
reproduce
– may result in pain, disfigurement, and even
death
• Common bacterial STIs are chlamydia,
syphilis, and gonorrhea
– treatable with antibiotics
Sexually Transmitted Infections
Sexually Transmitted Infections

• Viral STIs include genital herpes (caused

by the herpes simplex virus that also
causes cold sores) and genital warts
(caused by the human papillomavirus)
– cannot be cured
– can lead to complications, such as increased
risk of cancer
 Sexually Transmitted Infections
• AIDS, (acquired immune deficiency
syndrome): sexually transmitted viral
disorder that causes deterioration of the
immune system and eventually results in
death due to complicating infections that the
body can no longer fight
– caused by human immunodeficiency virus
(HIV)
– drug treatments are available, but there is no
cure
How to Stop the Spread of STIs

• Using condoms
• Having only one partner
• Abstaining from sex
• Avoiding IV drug use
• Knowing the symptoms
of the various diseases
• Getting regular
physicals
 The END Chapter 10
Sexuality and Gender

psychology
fourth edition