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Explaining BGP Concepts and Terminology

The document discusses Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) which is used to connect networks and autonomous systems on the internet. BGP uses path vector routing to exchange routing and reachability information between autonomous systems. It establishes peering sessions between neighbors to share routing tables and uses routing policies to control inter-domain routing.

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72 views25 pages

Explaining BGP Concepts and Terminology

The document discusses Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) which is used to connect networks and autonomous systems on the internet. BGP uses path vector routing to exchange routing and reachability information between autonomous systems. It establishes peering sessions between neighbors to share routing tables and uses routing policies to control inter-domain routing.

Uploaded by

annakhtoniv
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Implementing BGP

Explaining BGP Concepts and Terminology

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Using BGP to Connect to the Internet

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What Is Multihoming?

Connecting to two or more ISPs to increase the


following:
• Reliability: If one ISP or connection fails, there is still Internet
access.
• Performance: Path selection to common Internet destinations
is better.

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Example: Default Routes from All Providers

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Default Routes from All Providers and
Partial Table

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Example: Full Routes from All Providers

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BGP Autonomous Systems

• An AS is a collection of networks under a single technical


administration.
• IGPs operate within an AS.
• BGP is used between autonomous systems.
• Exchange of loop-free routing information is guaranteed.

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BGP Path-Vector Routing

• IGPs announce networks and describe the metric to reach those


networks.
• BGP announces paths and the networks that are reachable at the end
of the path. BGP describes the path by using attributes, which are
similar to metrics.
• BGP allows administrators to define policies or rules for how data
will flow through the autonomous systems.

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BGP Routing Policies

BGP can support any policy conforming to the hop-


by-hop (AS-by-AS) routing paradigm.

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BGP Characteristics

• BGP is most appropriate when at least one of the following conditions exists:
– An AS allows packets to transit through it to reach other autonomous
systems (for example, it is a service provider).
– An AS has multiple connections to other autonomous systems.
– Routing policy and route selection for traffic entering and leaving the AS
must be manipulated.
• BGP is not always appropriate. You do not have to use BGP if you have one
of the following conditions:
– Limited understanding of route filtering and BGP path-
selection process
– A single connection to the Internet or another AS
– Lack of memory or processor power to handle constant
updates on BGP routers

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BGP Characteristics (Cont.)

BGP is a path-vector protocol with the following


enhancements over distance vector protocols:
• Reliable updates: runs on top of TCP (port 179)
• Incremental, triggered updates only
• Periodic keepalive messages to verify TCP connectivity
• Rich metrics (called path vectors or attributes)
• Designed to scale to huge internetworks (for example, the
Internet)

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BGP Databases

• Neighbour table
– List of BGP neighbors
• BGP table (forwarding database)
– List of all networks learned from each neighbour
– Can contain multiple paths to destination networks
– Contains BGP attributes for each path
• IP routing table
– List of best paths to destination networks

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BGP Message Types

BGP defines the following message types:


• Open
– Includes hold time and BGP router ID
• Keepalive
• Update
– Information for one path only
(could be to multiple networks)
– Includes path attributes and networks
• Notification
– When error is detected
– BGP connection closed after message is sent

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Summary

• If your network is multihomed—has more than one


connection to the Internet—then using BGP to connect to
your ISPs may be appropriate.
• Multihoming options include having each ISP pass these:
– Only a default route
– A default route and provider-owned specific routes
– All routes
• BGP is the external routing protocol used between
autonomous systems. Forwarding is based on policy and not
on best path.

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Summary (Cont.)

• BGP routers exchange network reachability information


called path vectors, made up of path attributes. The path-
vector information includes a list of the full path of BGP AS
numbers necessary to reach a destination network.
• A router running BGP keeps its own tables to store BGP
information that it receives from and sends to other routers,
including a neighbor table, a BGP table (also called a
forwarding database or topology database), and an IP routing
table.
• There are four BGP message types: open, keepalive, update,
and notification.

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Implementing BGP

Explaining EBGP

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Peers = Neighbors

• A “BGP peer,” also known as a “BGP neighbor,” is a specific


term that is used for BGP speakers that have established a
neighbor relationship.
• Any two routers that have formed a TCP connection to
exchange BGP routing information are called BGP peers or
BGP neighbors.

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External BGP

• When BGP is running between neighbors that belong to


different autonomous systems, it is called EBGP.
• EBGP neighbors, by default, need to be directly connected.

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BGP Commands
Router(config)#
router bgp autonomous-system

• This command enters router configuration mode only;


subcommands must be entered to activate BGP.
• Only one instance of BGP can be configured on the router at a
single time.
• The autonomous system number identifies the autonomous
system to which the router belongs.
• The autonomous system number in this command is compared
to the autonomous system numbers listed in neighbor
statements to determine if the neighbor is an internal or external
neighbor.

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BGP neighbor remote-as Command
Router(config-router)#

neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name}


remote-as autonomous-system

• The neighbor command activates a BGP session with this neighbor.


• The IP address that is specified is the destination address of BGP
packets going to this neighbor.
• The remote-as shows what AS this neighbor is in.

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Example: BGP neighbor Command

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BGP network Command
Router(config-router)#
network network-number [mask network-mask]

• This command tells BGP what network to advertise.


• The command does not activate the protocol on an interface.
• With the mask option, BGP looks for an exact match in the local
routing table before announcing the route.

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Example: BGP network Command
Router(config-router)#
network 192.168.1.1 mask 255.255.255.0

• The router looks for exactly 192.168.1.1/24 in the routing table,


but cannot find it, so it will not announce anything.

Router(config-router)#
network 192.168.0.0 mask 255.255.0.0

• The router looks for exactly 192.168.0.0/16 in the routing table.


• If the exact route is not in the table, you can add a static route
to null0 so that the route can be announced.

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