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III-Basics of Continuum Mechanics-Stress

This document provides an overview of strain and stress concepts in continuum mechanics. It defines stress as force per unit area and describes the different types of stresses including normal stress, shear stress, and principal stresses. It introduces the stress tensor and Mohr's circle diagrams for representing the state of stress on planes with different orientations. Key points covered include that the Mohr circle diagram shows the relationship between normal and shear stresses on any plane, the principal stresses correspond to zero shear stress, and the maximum shear stress occurs at 45 degrees. The document also discusses applications of Mohr's circle including determining fault orientations.

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Mirza Muneeb Ahsan
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365 views22 pages

III-Basics of Continuum Mechanics-Stress

This document provides an overview of strain and stress concepts in continuum mechanics. It defines stress as force per unit area and describes the different types of stresses including normal stress, shear stress, and principal stresses. It introduces the stress tensor and Mohr's circle diagrams for representing the state of stress on planes with different orientations. Key points covered include that the Mohr circle diagram shows the relationship between normal and shear stresses on any plane, the principal stresses correspond to zero shear stress, and the maximum shear stress occurs at 45 degrees. The document also discusses applications of Mohr's circle including determining fault orientations.

Uploaded by

Mirza Muneeb Ahsan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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III.

Strain and Stress

• Basics of continuum mechanics, Strain


• Basics of continuum mechanics, Stress

Reading
Suppe, Chapter 3
Twiss&Moores, chapter 15

Additional References :
Jean Salençon, Handbook of continuum mechanics: general concepts,
thermoelasticity, Springer, 2001
Chandrasekharaiah D.S., Debnath L. (1994) Continuum Mechanics
Publisher: Academic press, Inc.
Force
• Force is the cause of deformation and/or motion
of a body.

• 2 kinds of force:
–Contact forces - involve physical
contact between objects.
Examples: the force involved in
kicking a ball, pulling a wagon
–Field forces - don't involve
physical contact between objects.
Examples: the gravitational force
and the electromagnetic force
Stress
Stress is force per unit area

– Spreading out the weight


reduces the stress with the
same force.

Normal Stress is skier’s weight distributed over


skis surface area.

F=mg
Sign convention for sn
• Geomechanics:
normal stress is positive in compression
(convention used here)

• Continuum mechanics:
normal stress is positive in extension
The stress (red vector) acting on a plane at M is the force
exterted by one side over the other side divided by plane area…

s  1  s 13  s n
s  s  
 2  23  s
 
 s n  s 33  

The stress tensor

The state of stress at a point can be characterizes from


the stress tensor defined as …

s11 s12 s13 


 
s i, j  s 21 s 22 s 23

s 31 s 32 s 33

Stress acting on a plane at point M…
Let n be the unit vector defining an
oriented surface with elementary
area da at point M. (n points from
side A to side B) n

Let dT be the force exerted on the


plane by the medium on side B. It Side B
can be decomposed into a normal
and shear component parallel to
the surface. The stress vector is: Side A

dT
s (n)   s i, j n j  s n
da
Normal stress s n  n s n

s n    n  s n 
2 2
Shear stress s 
Symmetry… s11 s12 s13 
 
s i, j  s j,i s i, j  s 21 s 22 s 23

s 31 s 32 s 33



Principal stresses
Because the matrix is symmetric, there is coordinate frame
such that….

s 11 0 0  s 1 0 0 
s i, j   0 s 22 0    0 s 2 0 
 0 0 s 33   0 0 s 3 

Engineering sign convention


tension is positive,
Geology sign convention
compression is positive…

s1  s 2  s 3
Plane perpendicular to
principal direction
has no shear stress…
The deviatoric stress tensor…

s i, j  s m   i, j
Stress tensor = mean stress + deviatoric stress tensor

s 11  s 22  s 33 s1  s 2  s 3
sm  
3 3

s m 0 0  s1  s m  0 0 
   
s i, j   0 s m 0   0 s 2  s m  0 

 0  
0 s m   0 0 s 3  s m 
The Mohr diagram

2-D stress on all possible internal planes…

Sum of forces in 1- and 2-directions…


2-D stress on all possible internal planes…
Sum of forces in 1- and 2-directions…
Rearrange equations…

Rearrange equations yet again…

Get more useful


relationship between
principal stresses and
stress on any plane….
The Mohr diagram
[1] What does a point on the circle mean?
Any point on the circle gives s coordinates acting on
the plane at an angle  to s3
[2] What does the center of the circle tell you?
(ss3 the mean or hydrostatic stress which produces change
in volume is (sss33

[3] Where are the principle stresses?


In direction of ssand s3= 0; hence sand s3are
on the abscissa axis of Mohr graph

[4] What does the diameter or radius mean?


(ss3is the maximum possible shear
stress= that which produces change in shape

[6] Where is the maximum shear stress?


Maximum shear stress max occurs for
=45°; then max = (ss3
Representation of the stress state in 3-D
using the Mohr cirles.
This circle represent the state of
stress on planes parallel to s
The state of stress of a plane
with any orientation plots in
s this domain

s3 s s sn

This circle represent the state of


This circle represent the state of stress
stress on planes parallel to s3
on planes parallel to s
Classification of stress state
s3<s<0

– General tension
0<s3<s

– General compression
s30

– Uniaxial Compression
s0

– Uniaxial tension

s3<0
– Biaxial stress 0<s
Pure Shear
(as a state of stress)
The exression ‘Pure shear’ is sometime used to characterize the a
particular case of biaxial stress

s
s3s
s0

sn

Do not confuse with ‘pure shear’ as a state of strain


Pole of the Mohr circle

s
P A

2
B

s3 s sn
Poles of the Mohr circle

s

s
P A

s3 s sn
Applications
• Dip angle of a normal fault
• Dip angle of a thrust fault
• Stress ‘refraction’ across an interface.
Poles of the Mohr circle

s3
s

s
P A

s3 s sn

A represent the state of stress on a facet with known orientation


The geometric construction, based on the pole of the facet (P),
allows to infer the state of stress on any orientation

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