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Direct Digital Radiography W13

Direct digital radiography (DDR), also known as direct capture radiography, is a new approach to imaging that emerged in the late 1990s. DDR eliminates the need for an image plate altogether by directly capturing photons onto a transistor receiver, similar to a bucky, that converts x-ray energy directly into a digital signal. This digital signal can then be immediately viewed on a monitor and sent to PACS systems. There are two main types of DDR systems - one uses cesium iodide scintillation phosphors coated over an active matrix array of amorphous silicon photodiodes, while the other only uses amorphous selenium, where x-ray photons interact directly with the detector element. DDR provides

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145 views32 pages

Direct Digital Radiography W13

Direct digital radiography (DDR), also known as direct capture radiography, is a new approach to imaging that emerged in the late 1990s. DDR eliminates the need for an image plate altogether by directly capturing photons onto a transistor receiver, similar to a bucky, that converts x-ray energy directly into a digital signal. This digital signal can then be immediately viewed on a monitor and sent to PACS systems. There are two main types of DDR systems - one uses cesium iodide scintillation phosphors coated over an active matrix array of amorphous silicon photodiodes, while the other only uses amorphous selenium, where x-ray photons interact directly with the detector element. DDR provides

Uploaded by

HabiB-BoyGuys
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Direct Digital Radiography

or Direct Capture Radiography

Bushong Ch. 27
Late 1990’s
 A new approach to imaging appeared

 DR or DDR or Direct Capture imaging

 Too early to tell which system will


prevail
Directed Digital Radiography
(DDR)

Directed digital radiography, a


term used to describe total
electronic imaging capturing.
Eliminates the need for an
image plate altogether.
DDR Systems
IMAGE CAPTURE
CR
 PSP – photostimulable phosphor plate
 REPLACES FILM IN THE CASSETTE

DR – NO CASSETTE – PHOTONS
 CAPTURED DIRECTLY
 ONTO A TRANSISTOR
 SENT DIRECTLY TO A MONITOR
DIRECT RADIOGRAPHY
 uses a transistor receiver (like bucky)
 that captures and converts x-ray energy
 directly into digital signal
 seen immediately on monitor
 then sent to PACS/ printer/ other
workstations FOR VIEWING
CR vs DR
CR DR
 imaging plate  transistor receiver
(like bucky)
 processed in a
Digital Reader  directly into digital
signal
 Signal sent to
computer

 Viewed on a monitor  seen immediately on


monitor –
DDR Digital
CR
Radiography

Direct Indirect
Capture Capture

Direct-to-Digital Computed
Radiography Radiography
(DDR)-Selenium (CR) - PSL

Direct-to-Digital Laser
Radiography Scanning
Silicon Scint. Digitizers
Two types of DDR systems
 Both are based on the thin-film
transistor as an active matrix array
(AMA)

 Built the size of a conventional S/F


receptor
Active Matrix Array (AMA)
Pixels are read sequentially, one at a time

 Each TFT and


detector represents
a pixel

 DEL = charge
collecting detector
element
DEL Digital Value
 Digital Value depends on:
 Charge collected by DEL.
 Bit depth
 10 bit = 1 – 1024
 12 bit =1 - 4096
DEL collects e-
Unlike CR plates, only the
exposed pixels contribute to the
image data base.

 One exposure = Detector Readout


DDR using cesium iodide
scintillation phosphors
 CsI is coated over an active matrix array
(AMA) of amorphus silicon (a-Si)
photodiodes

 Amorphus means without shape


 Photodiodes are used to detect light or
measure its intensity also called a
charge coupled device (CCD)
DDR steps using cesium iodide
 Exit x-rays interact with CsI scintillation
phosphor to produce light
 The light interact with the a-Si to
produce a signal
 The TFT stores the signal until readout,
one pixel at a time
CsI phosphor light detected by
the AMA of silicon photodiodes
DDR only using amorphous
selenium (a-Se)
 The exit x-ray photon interact with the
a-Si (detector element/DEL). Photon
energy is trapped on detector (signal)

 The TFT stores the signal until readout,


one pixel at a time
Active matrix array of silicon
photodiodes
Advantages/Disadvantages
 CsI phosphors have high detective
quantum efficiency (DQE) = lower
patient dose
 DQE = % of x-rays absorbed by the
phosphors
 a-Se only: there is no spreading of light
in the phosphor = better spatial
resolution
F/S & DDR imaging systems
F/S & DDR imaging systems
Image Resolution –
(how sharply is the image seen)

CR & DR  CR 2 - 5 lp/mm
 4000 x 4000  RAD 3-6 lp/mm
 image only as good a  DR 3 - 5 lp/mm
monitor*
 IMAGE APPEARS
 525 vs 1000 line SHARPER BECAUSE
 more pixels = more CONTRAST CAN BE
memory needed to ADJUSTED BY THE
store COMPUTER –
 resolution dependent on  (DIFFERENCES IN
pixel size DENSITY)
Image Resolution
Pixel Pitch
 Spatial resolution
determined by
pixel pitch.
 Detector element
(DEL) size
 140 μm = ~3.7
lp/mm
 100 μm = ~ 5.0
lp/mm
Signal Sampling Frequency
Good sampling under sampling
DR
 Initial expense high
 very low dose to pt –
 image quality of 100s using a 400s
technique
 Therfore ¼ the dose needed to make
the image
Flat Panel TFT Detectors
 Have to be very careful with terminology
 One vendor claims: “Detector has sharpness of
100 speed screen”
 May be true: TFT detectors can have very
sharp edges due to DEL alignment
 But !
 Spatial resolution is not as good as 100 speed
screen.
 TFT detector = 3.4 lp/mm
 100 speed screen = 8 – 10 lp/mm
TFT Array Detectors
 Detector is refreshed after
exposure
 If no exposures are produced. . .
detector refreshed every 30 – 45
sec
 Built in AEC, An ion chamber
between grid and detector
Patient Dose
 Important factors that affect patient
dose
 DQE: when using CsI systems
 Both systems “fill factor”
 The percentage of the pixel face that
contains the x-ray detector.
 Fill factor is approximately 80%
Fill Factor
DDR has all the advantages of
CR imaging techniques
 Post processing & PACS

Questions ?

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