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RT101 Digital Imaging

Digital Imaging compares conventional film radiography, computed radiography (CR), and digital radiography (DR). CR uses an imaging plate that stores x-ray data as exposed phosphor. In a CR reader, a laser scans the plate to release light, which is converted to a digital image. DR acquires x-rays directly with a detector like selenium or CCD, converting x-rays to electrical signals stored in a thin film transmitter. CR and DR allow digital image processing techniques like windowing and rescaling not available with film. DR provides higher detective quantum efficiency and spatial resolution than CR or film.

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118 views33 pages

RT101 Digital Imaging

Digital Imaging compares conventional film radiography, computed radiography (CR), and digital radiography (DR). CR uses an imaging plate that stores x-ray data as exposed phosphor. In a CR reader, a laser scans the plate to release light, which is converted to a digital image. DR acquires x-rays directly with a detector like selenium or CCD, converting x-rays to electrical signals stored in a thin film transmitter. CR and DR allow digital image processing techniques like windowing and rescaling not available with film. DR provides higher detective quantum efficiency and spatial resolution than CR or film.

Uploaded by

Nadeem Hameed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Digital Imaging

CHAPTERS 1, 4-7
CARTER
CHAPTER 1
• Conventional radiography
• Film/screen system
• Light exposes film
• Film processed with chemicals
• Film taken to radiologist for
interpretation
Let’s compare rooms for
• Conventional (Film)
• CR
• DR
Let’s compare image
formation/acquisition
• Film

• CR

• DR
Let’s compare image
processing
• Film

• CR

• DR
CR- Chapter 4
IP layers
• Protective • Protects phosphor
• Phosphor/active • PSP-barium fluorohalide
• Sends light forward when
• Reflective released in the reader
• Conductive • Absorbs/reduces static
electricity
• Color • Absorb stimulating light
• Support (laser)/reflects emitted light
• Protects the back of cassette
• Backing
• Match image with patient
• barcode
Reading the IP
• Red laser light scans in a raster
pattern at 2 eV
• Laser scans multiple times as IP
moves through reader =translation
• Light produced –detected by
photomultiplier
DIGITIZING
• PHOSPHOR STORAGE CENTER IS
SCANNED
• RELEASED ELECTRON ENTER
DIGITIZER DIVIDES THE ANALOG
SIGNAL INTO SQUARES (MATRIX).
• EACH SQUARE IS ASSIGNED A
NUMBER BASED ON THE BRIGHTNESS
OF THE SQUARE
• SQUARE IS CALLED A PIXEL
SPATIAL RESOLUTION
• Film screen = 10 line pairs per mm
• CR =2.55 to 5 line pairs per mm
(lp/mm)
• Less detail in CR but more tissue
densities seen given the appearance
of better detail
• Wider dynamic recording range
speed
• Film – determined by size and layers
of crystals and phosphors
• CR – amount of photostimulable
luminescence given off = 100 film
speed screen (approx)
EXPOSURE –CASSETTE
BASED-chapter 5
• What is the relationship between selecting the
correct body part and computer interpretation of
the image?
• Too much kVp (above 120) and too little (below
45) can over excite or produce too little
excitation of the phosphors
• Does the pixel size of a 2000 x 2000 matrix
change when using an 8 X10 vs
a 14 x 17 CRcassette?
• How does the change in pixel size impact
resolution?
MOIRE PATTERN
• Grid lines from a stationary grid can
cause a wavy artifact known as a
moire pattern. The grid lines and the
scanning laser run parallel
Exposure Indicators
• Exposure indicator number
• Fuji, Philips, Konica – S number-
indirect relationship
• Kodak –Exposure index (EI)-direct
relationship
• Page 88 tables 5-1 and 5-2
HISTOGRAM
• Graphic representation of the
numerical tone (grays/blacks/whites)
of an x-ray exposure
• More when we move on to Chapter 7
OTHER ARTIFACTS
• Plate artifacts
– Adhesive tape residue
– cracks
• Plate reader artifacts
– Line patterns
– Plate reader loads multiple IP in one cassette

• Image processing artifacts


– Incorrect erasure (ghosting)
– moire
• Printer artifacts
– White lines
CASSETTELESS -
Chapter 6
• Direct and indirect
• DR plate (amorphous selenium) or(a-
Se)-converts radiation into an
electrical signal –CCD or silicon
detectors
• Signal stored in a Thin film
transmitter (TFT)
INDIRECT DIRECT
• Two step process • X-rays converted
• X-rays convert to directly to an
light electrical signal
• Light converted to • Sent to TFT
electrical signal
• Sent to TFT
DQE
• Detective Quantum Efficiency
• Ability to convert an x-ray signal into
a useful image
• Of the following-which do you think
has the most efficient DQE?
• Film or CR or indirect capture DR or
direct capture DR?
Digital Radiographic
Image Processing and
Manipulation
Chapter 7
CR image *sampling
(*conversion from analog to
digital)
• Histogram
• X axis = amount of
exposure(number of grays)
• Y axis = number of pixels
for each exposure
• Low kVp= wider
histogram????NO!
• High kVp =
narrower???NO!
• Histogram is anatomy
specific
histogram
http://bloggingradiography.blogsp
ot.com/2007/08/anatomy-of-
histogram.html
NYQUIST THEOREM
• When sampling(converting from analog to
digital) a signal, the sampling frequency
must be greater than the bandwidth of
the input signal
• http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=h
ttp://www.cs.cf.ac.uk/Dave/Multimedia/ny
quist.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.cs.cf.ac.uk
/Dave/Multimedia/node149.html&h=420&w
=529&sz=6&hl=en&start=10&um=1&tbnid=z
yDOLJNUH6mM8M:&tbnh=105&tbnw=132
&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnyquist%
Sample? Try this at home
• http://www.pcguide.com/art/soundSa
mpleRate-c.html
ALIASING
• When the spatial frequency is
greater than the Nyquist frequency
and the sampling occurs less than
twice per cycle, information is lost
causing a moire effect.
Automatic Rescaling
• Fixing the image
• Why is this dangerous?
LUT and Windowing
• Automatic rescaling to achieve
appropriate contrast on an image

• http://www.sprawls.org/resources/D
IGPROCESS/module.htm#13
LATITUDE
• Find the percentage the exposure
can be greater or less than before it
impacts the image in CR
IMAGE
MANIPULATION cont.
• Window- how light or dark an image
should be
• Level-contrast
• Background removal or shuttering
– Removing the unexposed borders or to
blacken the white borders
MTF
• Modular Transfer function
• Reproducing the spatial resolution of
an object as a diagnostic image
• 100% of the spatial resolution of the
object can never be perfectly
reproduced – even with DR and CR –
why? -See Bushong – pgs 451-454
acronyms
1. PSP 10. CCD
2. CRT 11. FOV
3. ADC 12. LUT
4. IP 13. DICOM
5. CR 14. RIS
6. DR 15. HIS
7. PACS 16. TFT
8. SNR 17. DQE
9. CNR
1. Photostimulable phosphor-europian activated
barium fluorohalide
2. Cathode-ray tube or computer monitor
3. Analog to digital converter
4. Imaging plate
5. computed
6. /digital radiography
7. Picture archiving communication systems
8. SIGNAL TO NOISE RATIO PG 410 –BUSHONG The higher the signal the
less the noise.

9. CONTRAST TO NOISE RATIO can be manipulated until noise


becomes too apparent-limited by the SNR

10. Charge coupled device- crystal silicon- small, replaces vidicon in


fluoro, device used in DR
11. Field of View –how much of the patient is imaged in the matrix
12. Look up Table – plotting grays on a scale
13. Digital imaging and communications in medicine -blending PACS
and other imaging modalities
14. Radiology Information system
15. Hospital Information system
16. Thin Film Transmitters- indirect and direct
conversion detector in DR. Stores electronic charge (from
converted light) before computer processes it.

17. Detective Quantum Efficiency converting x-ray


intensities into a radiographic image

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