INDUS INSTITUTE OF

TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Name : Keval Patel

• Subject Code : 131902

• Subject Name : Machine Design and Industrial
Drafting

B.E Mechanical Engineering , 3rd Semester

PREPARED BY: KEVAL PATEL
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MECHANICAL ENGG. DEPT.
RIVETED JOINTS

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MECHANICAL ENGG. DEPT.
 Introduction
• A rivet is a short cylindrical bar with a head integral to it. The
cylindrical portion of the rivet is called shank or body
• and lower portion of shank is known as tail.
• The rivets are used to make permanent fastening between the
• plates such as in structural work, ship building, bridges, tanks
and boiler shells.
• The riveted joints are widely used for joining light metals.

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MECHANICAL ENGG. DEPT.
 Classification of fastners:
1. Permanent fastenings
2. Temporary or detachable fastenings

 The permanent fastenings are those fastenings which can not

be disassembled without destroying the connecting
components.
 The examples of permanent fastenings in order of strength are
soldered, brazed, welded and riveted joints.

o The temporary or detachable fastenings are those fastenings

which can be disassembled without destroying the connecting
components.
o The examples of temporary fastenings are screwed, keys,
cotters, pins and splinedPREPARED
joints.BY: KEVAL PATEL
MECHANICAL ENGG. DEPT.
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 Material of Rivets

• The material of the rivets must be tough and

ductile.

• They are usually made of steel (low carbon steel or

nickel steel), brass, aluminium or copper.

• When strength and a fluid tight joint is the main

consideration, then the steel rivets are used.

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MECHANICAL ENGG. DEPT.
Types of Rivet Heads

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MECHANICAL ENGG. DEPT.
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MECHANICAL ENGG. DEPT.
 Types of riveted joints
1. Lap joint
2. Butt joint
• Lap joint: A lap joint is that in which one plate overlaps the
other and the two plates are then riveted together.
• Butt joint: A butt joint is that in which the main plates are kept
in alignment butting (i.e. touching) each other and a cover plate
(i.e. strap) is placed either on one side or on both sides of the
main plates. The cover plate is then riveted together with the
main plates.

Butt joint
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Lap joint MECHANICAL ENGG. DEPT.
 Type of Butt joints

1. Single strap butt joint: The edges of the main plates butt against
each other and only one cover plate is placed on one side of the
main plates and then riveted together.

2. Double strap butt joint: The edges of the main plates butt
against each other and two cover plates are placed on both
sides of the main plates and then riveted together.

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MECHANICAL ENGG. DEPT.
 Types of Lap joints
1. Single riveted joint is that in which there is a single row of rivets
in a lap joint
2. Double riveted joint is that in which there are two rows of rivets
in a lap joint

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MECHANICAL ENGG. DEPT.
 Caulking and Fullering

• In order to make the joints leak proof or fluid tight in pressure

vessels like steam boilers, air receivers and tanks etc. a process
known as caulking is employed.
• In this process, a narrow blunt tool called caulking tool, about 5
mm thick and 38 mm in breadth is used. The edge of the tool is
ground to an angle of 80°.
• A more satisfactory way of making the joints staunch is known
as Fullering which has largely superseded caulking.

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MECHANICAL ENGG. DEPT.
 Failures of a Riveted Joint
1. Tearing of the plate at an edge.

2. Tearing of the plate across a row of rivets.

• Tearing area per pitch length At = (p – d ) t
• Tearing resistance or pull required to tear off the plate per
pitch length,
Pt = At.σt = (p – d)t.σt
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MECHANICAL ENGG. DEPT.
3. Shearing of the rivets.

• d = Diameter of the rivet hole,

• τ = Safe permissible shear stress for the rivet material, and
• n = Number of rivets per pitch length.
• shearing area, (for double
shearing)

• Shearing resistance or pull required to shear off the rivet per

pitch length,

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MECHANICAL ENGG. DEPT.
4. Crushing of the plate or rivets.
• d = Diameter of the rivet hole,
• t = Thickness of the plate,
• σc = Safe permissible crushing
stress for the rivet or plate material
• n = Number of rivets per pitch length

• crushing area per rivet Ac = d.t

∴ Total crushing area = n.d.t

• crushing resistance or pull required to crush the rivet per
pitch length, Pc = n.d.t.σc

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MECHANICAL ENGG. DEPT.
• Efficiency of a Riveted Joint

• The efficiency of a riveted joint is defined as the ratio of the

strength of riveted joint to the strength of the un-riveted or
solid plate.
• Strength of the riveted joint = Least of Pt, Ps and Pc
• Strength of the un-riveted or solid plate per pitch length,
P = p × t × σt
∴ Efficiency of the riveted joint,

• p = Pitch of the rivets,

• t = Thickness of the plate, and
• σt = Permissible tensile stress of the plate material.
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MECHANICAL ENGG. DEPT.
 Design of Longitudinal Butt Joint for a Boiler
1. Thickness of boiler shell.

• t = Thickness of the boiler shell,

• P = Steam pressure in boiler,
• D = Internal diameter of boiler shell,
• σt = Permissible tensile stress, and
• ηl = Efficiency of the longitudinal joint.
2. Diameter of rivets.
• After finding out the thickness of the boiler shell (t), the
diameter of the rivet hole (d) may be determined by using
• (when t is greater than 8 mm)
• If t< 8 mm than Ps PREPARED
= Pc BY: KEVAL PATEL 16
MECHANICAL ENGG. DEPT.
3. Pitch of rivets.
(a)The pitch of the rivets should not be less than 2d, which is
necessary for the formation of head.
(b) The maximum value of the pitch of rivets for a longitudinal
joint of a boiler as per I.B.R. is
Pmax = C × t + 41.28 mm
• where t = Thickness of the shell plate in mm, and
• C = Constant.

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MECHANICAL ENGG. DEPT.
4. Distance between the rows of rivets.

(a) For equal number of rivets in more than one row for lap joint or
butt joint, the distance between the rows of rivets ( Pb) should
not be less than
• 0.33 p + 0.67 d, for zig-zig riveting, and
• 2 d, for chain riveting.

5. Thickness of butt strap.

• t1 = 1.125 t
• For unequal width of butt straps, the thicknesses of butt strap
are
o t1 = 0.75 t, for wide strap on the inside,
o t2 = 0.625 t, for narrow strap on the outside.

PREPARED BY: KEVAL PATEL

6. Margin: The margin (m) is takenENGG.
MECHANICAL asDEPT.
1.5 d. 18
 Design of Circumferential Lap Joint for a Boiler
1. Thickness of the shell and diameter of rivets:
The thickness of the boiler shell and the diameter of the rivet will
be same as for longitudinal joint.
2. Number of rivets:
• Since it is a lap joint, therefore the rivets will be in single shear.

∴ Shearing resistance of the rivets,

• Knowing the inner diameter of the boiler shell (D), and the
pressure of steam (P), the total shearing load acting on the
circumferential joint,

• By equating both equation we get,

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MECHANICAL ENGG. DEPT.
3. Pitch of rivets:
• Knowing the efficiency of the circumferential lap joint (ηc), the
pitch of the rivets for the lap joint ( p1) may be obtained by
using the relation :

4. Number of rows:

• number of rivets in one row

5. Distance between rows of rivets:

Pb = 0.33 p + 0.67 d for zig zag riveting
Pb=2d for chain riveting
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6. Margin: The margin (m) is taken
MECHANICAL as 1.5 d.
ENGG. DEPT.
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 Eccentric Loaded Riveted Joint

• When the line of action of the load does not pass through the
centroid of the rivet system and thus all rivets are not equally
loaded, then the joint is said to be an eccentric loaded riveted
joint.

• P = Eccentric load on the joint, and

• e = Eccentricity of the load
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MECHANICAL ENGG. DEPT.
1. Centre of gravity G of the rivet system
• Let A = Cross-sectional area of each rivet,

• x1, x2, x3 etc. = Distances of rivets from OY, and

• y1, y2, y3 etc. = Distances of rivets from OX.

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MECHANICAL ENGG. DEPT.
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MECHANICAL ENGG. DEPT.
2. Forces P1 and P2 at the centre of gravity ‘G’ of the rivet system.
These forces are equal and opposite to P

3. Assuming that all the rivets are of the same size, the effect of
P1 = P is to produce direct shear load on each rivet of equal
magnitude. Therefore, direct shear load on each rivet,
,acting parallel to the load P.

4. The effect of P2 = P is to produce a turning moment of

magnitude P × e which tends to rotate the joint about the
centre of gravity ‘G’ of the rivet system in a clockwise direction.

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MECHANICAL ENGG. DEPT.
• F1, F2, F3 ... = Secondary shear loads on the rivets 1, 2, 3...etc.

• l1, l2, l3 ... = Radial distance of the rivets 1, 2, 3 ...

• F1 ∝ l1 ; F2 ∝ l2 and so on,

• We know that the sum of the external turning moment due to

the eccentric load and of internal resisting moment of the rivets
must be equal to zero.

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MECHANICAL ENGG. DEPT.
5. Resultant shear load (R)

• θ = Angle between the primary or direct shear load (Ps) and

secondary shear load (F).

• Maximum resultant shear load (R)

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MECHANICAL ENGG. DEPT.
THANK YOU

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MECHANICAL ENGG. DEPT.
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MECHANICAL ENGG. DEPT.
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MECHANICAL ENGG. DEPT.
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MECHANICAL ENGG. DEPT.
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