Contents

Name LTE Network Planning

Purpose To Introduce the LTE basic principle, network planning method and RNP solution
Key Message LTE has the flat network architecture and physical layer applies OFDM
technology, as well as the MIMO, ICIC, etc.
LTE network planning includes coverage, capacity planning. Link budget and
capacity estimation are introduced in these slides.
In RNP solution, you can find the introduction of RNP tools, performance
enhancement features and other solution that customer will concern, such as
the interference avoidance and co-antenna analysis

Audience Global C&Wi RNP engineers, product manager and account managers with wireless background
knowledge

Version Information
Versions Creator/Staff ID Approver/Staff ID Release dept.

V1.0_10/01/18 Cui Dongfeng/53824

 Page 2
Charter 1 LTE Principles
Charter 2 LTE Network Planning
Charter 3 LTE RNP Solutions
 LTE NETWORK ARCHITECTURE
 Main Network Element of LTE Compare with traditional 3G network, LTE
The E-UTRAN consists of e-NodeBs, providing architecture becomes much more simple

Page 3

the user plane and control plane. and flat, which can lead to lower
networking cost, higher networking
 The EPC consists of MME, S-GW and P-GW.
flexibility and shorter time delay of user
 Network Interface of LTE data and control signaling.
 The e-NodeBs are interconnected with each other by means of the X2 interface, which enabling
direct transmission of data and signaling.
 S1 is the interface between e-NodeBs and the EPC, more specifically to the MME via the S1-MME
and to the S-GW via the S1-U eNB RRC: Radio Resource Control
Inter Cell RRM PDCP: Packet Data Convergence
Protocol
RB Control RLC: Radio Link Control
Connection Mobility Cont. MAC: Medium Access Control
MME
MME / S-GW MME / S-GW Radio Admission Control
PHY: Physical layer
NAS Security EPC: Evolved Packet Core
eNB Measurement
Configuration & Provision
MME: Mobility Management Entity
Idle State Mobility
Handling
S-GW: Serving Gateway
Dynamic Resource
P-GW: PDN Gateway
S1

S1

Allocation (Scheduler)
EPS Bearer Control
RRC
S1

S1

PDCP
X2 E-UTRAN S-GW P-GW

eNB eNB RLC

Mobility UE IP address
MAC Anchoring allocation
X2

X2

S1
PHY Packet Filtering
internet

eNB E-UTRAN EPC


LTE NETWORK ELEMENT FUNCTION
e-Node hosts the following functions: eNB

 Functions for Radio Resource Management: Radio Inter Cell RRM

Bearer Control, Radio Admission Control, Connection

Page 4
RB Control
Mobility Control, Dynamic allocation of resources to UEs
Connection Mobility Cont.
in both uplink and downlink (scheduling); MME
Radio Admission Control
 IP header compression and encryption of user data NAS Security
eNB Measurement
stream; Configuration & Provision
Idle State Mobility
 Selection of an MME at UE attachment; Dynamic Resource
Handling

 Routing of User Plane data towards Serving Gateway; Allocation (Scheduler)

EPS Bearer Control
 Scheduling and transmission of paging and broadcast RRC

messages (originated from the MME); PDCP

S-GW P-GW
 Measurement and measurement reporting configuration
RLC
for mobility and scheduling; Mobility UE IP address
MAC Anchoring allocation
 MME (Mobility Management Entity) hosts the S1
PHY Packet Filtering
following functions: internet
 NAS signaling and security; E-UTRAN EPC
 AS Security control;
 Idle state mobility handling;
 EPS (Evolved Packet System) bearer control;  S-GW (Serving Gateway) hosts the following
 Support paging, handover, roaming and authentication.
functions:
 P-GW (PDN Gateway) hosts the following functions:  Packet routing and forwarding; Local mobility anchor point
 Per-user based packet filtering; UE IP address allocation; UL for handover; Lawful interception; UL and DL charging per
and DL service level charging, gating and rate enforcement; UE, PDN, and QCI; Accounting on user and QCI granularity
for inter-operator charging.
 INTRODUCTION OF LTE RADIO PROTOCOL
STACK
 Two Planes in LTE Radio Protocol:  Main Functions of Control-plane:
 User-plane: For user data transfer

Page 5
 RLC and MAC layers perform the same functions
 Control-plane: For system signaling as for the user plane
transfer  PDCP layer performs ciphering and integrity
protection
 Main Functions of User-plane:  RRC layer performs broadcast, paging, connection
 Header Compression
management, RB control, mobility functions, UE
measurement reporting and control
 Ciphering
 NAS layer performs EPS bearer management,
 Scheduling authentication, security control
 ARQ/HARQ Control-plane protocol stack
UE eNB MME

NAS NAS
User-plane protocol stack
UE eNB RRC RRC

PDCP PDCP PDCP PDCP

RLC RLC RLC RLC

MAC MAC MAC MAC

PHY PHY PHY PHY

 RADIO FRAME STRUCTURE (1)
 Radio Frame Structures Supported by LTE:

Page 6
 Type 1, applicable to FDD
 Type 2, applicable to TDD

 FDD Radio Frame Structure:

 LTE applies OFDM technology, with subcarrier spacing f=15kHz and 2048-
order IFFT. The time unit in frame structure is Ts=1/(2048* 15000) second
 FDD radio frame is 10ms shown as below, divided into 20 slots which are
0.5ms. One slot consists of 7 consecutive OFDM Symbols under Normal CP
configuration
One radio frame, Tf = 307200Ts = 10 ms
One slot, Tslot = 15360Ts = 0.5 ms

#0 #1 #2 #3 #18 #19

One subframe FDD Radio Frame Structure

 Concept of Resource Block:

 LTE consists of time domain and frequency domain resources. The minimum unit for
schedule is RB (Resource Block), which compose of RE (Resource Element)
 RE has 2-dimension structure: symbol of time domain and subcarrier of frequency domain
 One RB consists of 1 slot and 12 consecutive subcarriers under Normal CP configuration
 RADIO FRAME STRUCTURE (2)
 TDD Radio Frame Structure:
Uplink-downlink Configurations

Page 7
 Applies OFDM, same subcarriers spacing and
Uplink- Downlink-to-Uplink Subframe number
time unit with FDD. downlink Switch-point
configuration periodicity 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
 Similar frame structure with FDD. radio frame is
0 5 ms D S U U U D S U U U
10ms shown as below, divided into 20 slots
which are 0.5ms. 1 5 ms D S U U D D S U U D
2 5 ms D S U D D D S U D D
 The uplink-downlink configuration of 10ms
frame are shown in the right table. 3 10 ms D S U U U D D D D D
4 10 ms D S U U D D D D D D
5 10 ms D S U D D D D D D D

One radio frame, Tf = 307200Ts = 10 ms 6 5 ms D S U U U D S U U D

One half-frame, 153600Ts = 5 ms

D: Downlink subframe
U: Uplink subframe
S: Special subframe

One slot,
Tslot=15360Ts 30720Ts

Subframe #0 Subframe #2 Subframe #3 Subframe #4 Subframe #5 Subframe #7 Subframe #8 Subframe #9

One subframe,
30720Ts DwPTS: Downlink Pilot Time Slot
TDD Radio Frame Structure GP: Guard Period
DwPTS GP UpPTS DwPTS GP UpPTS UpPTS: Uplink Pilot Time Slot
 RADIO FRAME STRUCTURE (3)
 CP Length Configuration: CP Configuration

 Cyclic Prefix is applied to eliminate ISI of

Page 8
DL OFDM CP UL SC-FDMA CP Sub-carrier Symbol of
OFDM. Configuration
Length Length of each RB each slot
 CP length is related with coverage 160 for slot #0 160 for slot #0
Normal
radius. Normal CP can fulfill the f=15kHz 7
CP 144 for slot #1~#6 144 for slot #1~#6 12
requirement of common scenarios.
f=15kHz 512 for slot #0~#5 512 for slot #0~#5 6
Extended CP is for wide coverage Extended
CP
scenario. f=7.5kHz 1024 for slot #0~#2 NULL 24 (DL only) 3 (DL only)

 Longer CP, higher overheading.

Slot structure under

Normal CP configuration
(△f=15kHz)

Slot structure under

Extended CP configuration
(△f=15kHz)

Slot structure under

Extended CP configuration
(△f=7.5kHz)
 BRIEF INTRODUCTION OF PHYSICAL CHANNELS
 Downlink Channels：
Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH): Carries system information

Page 9

BCH MCH PCH DL-SCH
for cell search, such as cell ID. Downlink
Transport channels
 Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) : Carries the
resource allocation of PCH and DL-SCH, and Hybrid ARQ MAC Layer
information. Physical Layer
 Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) : Carries the Downlink
downlink user data. Physical channels
PBCH PMCH PDSCH PDCCH
 Physical Control Format Indicator Channel (PCFICH) : Carriers Mapping between downlink transport
information of the OFDM symbols number used for the PDCCH.
channels and downlink physical channels
 Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel (PHICH) : Carries Hybrid
ARQ ACK/NACK in response to uplink transmissions.
 Physical Multicast Channel (PMCH) : Carries the multicast
information.
UL-SCH RACH
Uplink
Transport channels
 Uplink Channels：
 Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) : Carries the random MAC Layer

access preamble. Physical Layer

 Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH) : Carries the uplink user Uplink
Physical channels
data. PUSCH PRACH PUCCH

 Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH) : Carries the HARQ Mapping between uplink transport
ACK/NACK, Scheduling Request (SR) and Channel Quality
channels and downlink physical
Indicator (CQI), etc.
channels
Logical & Transport Channels
 DOWNLINK PHYSICAL CHANNEL
 Downlink Physical Channel Processing

Page 11
 scrambling of coded bits in each of the code words to be transmitted on a physical channel
 modulation of scrambled bits to generate complex-valued modulation symbols
 mapping of the complex-valued modulation symbols onto one or several transmission layers
 precoding of the complex-valued modulation symbols on each layer for transmission on the antenna
ports
 mapping of complex-valued modulation symbols for each antenna port to resource elements
 generation of complex-valued time-domain OFDM signal for each antenna port

code words layers antenna ports

Modulation Resource element OFDM signal

Scrambling mapper
mapper generation
Layer
Precoding
mapper
Modulation Resource element OFDM signal
Scrambling mapper
mapper generation

 Modulation Scheme of Modulation Modulation

Phy Ch Phy Ch
Downlink Channel Scheme Scheme
 Shown at the right table
PBCH QPSK PCFICH QPSK

PDCCH QPSK PHICH BPSK

PDSCH QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM PMCH QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM

 UPLINK PHYSICAL CHANNEL
 Uplink Physical Channel Processing

Page 12
 scrambling
 modulation of scrambled bits to generate complex-valued symbols
 transform precoding to generate complex-valued symbols
 mapping of complex-valued symbols to resource elements
 generation of complex-valued time-domain SC-FDMA signal for each antenna port

Modulation Transform Resource SC-FDMA

Scrambling element mapper
mapper precoder signal gen.

 Modulation Scheme of Downlink Channel

 Shown at the right table Phy Ch Modulation Scheme
PUCCH BPSK, QPSK

PUSCH QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM

PRACH Zadoff-Chu
 DOWNLINK PHYSICAL SIGNALS (1)
 Downlink RS (Reference Signal):
Port

 Similar with Pilot signal of CDMA. Used for downlink physical channel
R0 R0
demodulation and channel quality measurement (CQI)
One antenna port
One Antenna

Page 13
R0 R0
Cell-Specific RS  Three types of RS in protocol. Cell-Specific Reference Signal is essential
R0 R0
Mapping in Time- and the other two types RS (MBSFN Specific RS & UE-Specific RS) are
Frequency optional.
R0
l0
R0
l6 l0 l6 Domain  Characteristics:
 Cell-Specific Reference Signals are generated from cell-
RE specific RS sequence and frequency shift mapping. RS is
Ports

Resource element (k,l)

R0 R0 R1 R1 the pseudo-random sequence transmits in the time-

Two antenna ports

frequency domain.
Two Antenna

Not used for RS

R0 R0 R1 R1 transmission on
Not used for transmission on this antenna port
this antenna port  The frequency interval of RS is 6 subcarriers.
R0 R0 R1 R1
RS symbols on
Reference symbols on this antenna port
 RS distributes discretely in the time-frequency domain,
this antenna port sampling the channel situation which is the reference of DL
R0 R0 R1 R1
l0 l6 l0 l6 l0 l6 l0 l6 demodulation.
 Serried RS distribution leads to accurate channel estimation,
also high overhead that impacting the system capacity.
Ports

R0 R0 R1 R1 R2 R3 R1: RS transmitted in 1st ant port

Four antenna ports
Four Antenna

R2: RS transmitted in 2nd ant port

R0 R0 R1 R1 R2 R3
R3: RS transmitted in 3rd ant port
R0 R0 R1 R1 R2 R3
R4: RS transmitted in 4th ant port

R0 R0 R1 R1 R2 R3
MBSFN: Multicast/Broadcast over
l0 l6 l0 l6 l0 l6 l0 l6 l0 l6 l0 l6 l0 l6 l0 l6
a Single Frequency Network
even-numbered slots odd-numbered slots even-numbered slots odd-numbered slots even-numbered slots odd-numbered slots even-numbered slots odd-numbered slots

Antenna Port
Antenna port 0 0 Antenna Port
Antenna port 1 1 Antenna
Antenna portPort
2 2 Antenna
Antenna portPort
3 3
 DOWNLINK PHYSICAL SIGNALS (2)
 Synchronization Signal:
 synchronization signals are used for time-frequency synchronization between UE and E-UTRAN during cell

Page 14
search.
 synchronization signal comprise two parts:
 Primary Synchronization Signal, used for symbol timing, frequency synchronization and part of the
cell ID detection.
 Secondary Synchronization Signal, used for detection of radio frame timing, CP length and cell group
 Characteristics:
ID.
 The bandwidth of the synchronization
signal is 62 subcarrier, locating in the
central part of system bandwidth,
regardless of system bandwidth size.
 Synchronization signals are transmitted
only in the 1st and 11rd slots of every
10ms frame.
 The primary synchronization signal is
located in the last symbol of the
transmit slot. The secondary
synchronization signal is located in the
2nd last symbol of the transmit slot. Synchronization Signals Structure
 UPLINK PHYSICAL SIGNALS
 Uplink RS (Reference Signal): Freq
Allocated UL bandwidth of one UE
 The uplink pilot signal, used for synchronization

Page 15
between E-UTRAN and UE, as well as uplink
channel estimation.
DM RS associated with PUSCH is
 Two types of UL reference signals: mapped to the 4th symbol each slot
 DM RS (Demodulation Reference Signal), Time
associated with PUSCH and PUCCH transmission. Freq
 SRS (Sounding Reference Signal), without
associated with PUSCH and PUCCH transmission.

DM RS associated with PUCCH

 Characteristics: (transmits UL ACK signaling) is mapped
 Each UE occupies parts of the system bandwidth since to the central 3 symbols each slot

SC-FDMA is applied in uplink. DM RS only transmits in

Time
the bandwidth allocated to PUSCH and PUCCH.
Freq
 The slot location of DM RS differs with associated
PUSCH and PUCCH format.
 Sounding RS’s bandwidth is larger than that allocated to
DM RS associated with PUCCH
UE, in order to provide the reference to e-NodeB for (transmits UL CQI signaling) is mapped
channel estimation in the whole bandwidth. to the 2 symbols each slot

 Sounding RS is mapped to the last symbol of sub-frame.

Time
The transmitted bandwidth and period can be configured. System bandwidth
SRS transmission scheduling of multi UE can achieve PUCCH is mapped to up &
down ends of the system
time/frequency/code diversity. bandwidth, hopping between
two slots.
 PHYSICAL LAYER PROCEDURE — CELL SEARCH
 Basic Principle of Cell Search:  Initial Cell Search:
 Cell search is the procedure of UE synchronizes with E- The initial cell search is carried on after the UE power on. Usually,

Page 16


UTRAN in time-freq domain, and acquires the serving cell UE doesn’t know the network bandwidth and carrier frequency at the
first time switch on.
ID.
 UE repeats the basic cell search, tries all the carrier frequency in the
 Two steps in cell search: spectrum to demodulate the synchronization signals. This procedure
 Step 1: Symbol synchronization and acquirement of takes time, but the time requirement are typically relatively relaxed.
ID within Cell Group by demodulating the Primary Some methods can reduce time, such as recording the former
available network information as the prior search target.
Synchronization Signal;
 Once finish the cell search, which achieve synchronization of time-
 Step 2: Frame synchronization, acquirement of CP freq domain and acquirement of Cell ID, UE demodulates the PBCH
length and Cell Group ID by demodulating the and acquires for system information, such as bandwidth and Tx
Secondary Synchronization Signal. antenna number.
 After the procedure above, UE demodulates the PDCCH for its
 About Cell ID： paging period that allocated by system. UE wakes up from the IDLE
 In LTE protocol, the physical layer Cell ID comprises state in the specified paging period, demodulates PDCCH for
monitoring paging. If paging is detected, PDSCH resources will be
two parts: Cell Group ID and ID within Cell Group. The demodulated to receive paging message.
latest version defines that there are 168 Cell Group IDs,
3 IDs within each group. So totally 168*3=504 Cell IDs
exist.
cell
NID  3N ID
(1)
 N ID
(2)

(1)
N ID
 (2) represents Cell Group ID, value from 0 to 167;
N ID
represents ID within Cell Group, value from 0 to
2.
 PHYSICAL LAYER PROCEDURE — RADOM ACCESS
 Basic Principle of Random Access :  Detail Procedure of Random Access:

Page 17
 Random access is the procedure of uplink  Physical Layer procedure is triggered upon request of a
synchronization between UE and E-UTRAN. preamble transmission by higher layers.
 Prior to random access, physical layer shall receive  The higher layers request indicates a preamble index, a
the following information from the higher layers: target preamble received power, a corresponding RA-RNTI
 Random access channel parameters: PRACH and a PRACH resource .
configuration, frequency position and preamble format,
etc.  UE determines the preamble transmission power is
 Parameters for determining the preamble root sequences preamble target received power + Path Loss. The
and their cyclic shifts in the sequence set for the cell, in transmission shall not higher than the maximum
order to demodulate the random access preamble.
transmission power of UE. Path Loss is the downlink path
 Two steps in physical layer random access: loss estimate calculated in the UE.
 UE transmission of random access preamble  A preamble sequence is selected from the preamble
 Random access response from E-UTRAN sequence set using the preamble index.
 A single preamble is transmitted using the selected preamble
sequence with calculated transmission power on the
indicated PRACH resource.
 UE Detection of a PDCCH with the indicated RA-RNTI is
attempted during a window controlled by higher layers. If
detected, the corresponding PDSCH transport block is
passed to higher layers. The higher layers parse the
transport block and indicate the 20-bit grant.

RA-RNTI: Random Access Radio Network Temporary Identifier

 PHYSICAL LAYER PROCEDURE — POWER CONTROL
 Basic Principle of Power Control:  Downlink Power Control:

Page 18
 Downlink power control determines the EPRE  The transmission power of downlink RS is usually constant.
The transmission power of PDSCH is proportional with RS
(Energy per Resource Element);
transmission power.
 Uplink power control determines the energy per  Downlink transmission power will be adjusted by the
DFT-SOFDM (also called SC-FDMA) symbol. comparison of UE report CQI and target CQI during the power
control.

 Uplink Power Control:

 Uplink power control consists of opened loop power and closed loop UE report CQI
power control.
DL Tx Power
 A cell wide overload indicator (OI) is exchanged over X2 interface for
integrated inter-cell power control, possible to enhance the system
performance through power control.

 PUSCH, PUCCH, PRACH and Sounding RS can be controlled

respectively by uplink power control. Take PUSCH power control for
example:
X2
PPUSCH (i)  min {PMAX ,10 log 10 (M PUSCH (i))  PO_PUSCH(j)  α(j)  PL  ΔTF (i)  f(i)}
 PUSCH power control is the slow power control, to compensate the path
UL Tx Power
loss and shadow fading and control inter-cell interference. The control
principle is shown in above equation. The following factors impact System adjust
PUSCH transmission power PPUSCH: UE maximum transmission power parameters
PMAX, UE allocated resource MPUSCH, initial transmission power PO_PUSCH,
estimated path loss PL, modulation coding factor △TF and system
adjustment factor f (not working during opened loop PC)
EPRE: Energy per Resource Element
DFT-SOFDM: Discrete Fourier Transform Spread OFDM
 Overview of LTE Layer 2
 Layer 2 is split into the following layers:  Main Functions of Layer 2:
 MAC (Medium Access Control) Layer  Header compression, Ciphering

Page 19
 RLC (Radio Link Control ) Layer  Segmentation and concatenation, ARQ
 PDCP (Packet Data Convergence Protocol )  Scheduling, priority handling, multiplexing
Layer and demultiplexing, HARQ
Layer 2 Structure for DL Layer 2 Structure for UL

Radio Bearers Radio Bearers

ROHC ROHC ROHC ROHC ROHC ROHC

PDCP PDCP
Security Security Security Security Security Security

Segm. Segm. Segm. Segm. Segm. Segm.

RLC ... ... RLC ...
ARQ etc ARQ etc ARQ etc ARQ etc BCCH PCCH ARQ etc ARQ etc

Logical Channels Logical Channels

Scheduling / Priority Handling Scheduling / Priority Handling

MAC Multiplexing UE1 Multiplexing UEn MAC Multiplexing

HARQ HARQ HARQ

Transport Channels Transport Channels

 Introduction of MAC Layer
 Main functions of MAC Layer:  Logical Channels of MAC Layer:
 Mapping between logical channels and transport  Control Channel: For the transfer of control

Page 20
channels plane information
 Multiplexing/demultiplexing of RLC PDUs (Protocol
 Traffic Channel: for the transfer of user plane
Data Unit) belonging to one or different radio
bearers into/from TB (transport blocks ) delivered information
to/from the physical layer on transport channels
CCCH DCCH DTCH
 Traffic volume measurement reporting Uplink
Logical channels
 Error correction through HARQ
Radio Bearers
Control Channel UL Channel
 Priority ROHC
PDCP
ROHC
handling between logical channels of one Mapping of
UE Security Security Traffic Channel MAC Layer

 Priority handling between UEs (dynamic scheduling) Uplink

Transport channels
RACH UL-SCH
 RLCTransport
Segm.format Segm.
... selection
ARQ etc ARQ etc
 Padding PCCH BCCH CCCH DCCH DTCH MCCH MTCH
Logical Channels
Downlink
Logical channels
Scheduling / Priority Handling
DL Channel
MAC Mapping of
Multiplexing MAC Layer MAC Layer
Structure
HARQ Downlink
Transport channels
PCH BCH DL-SCH MCH
Transport Channels
 Introduction of RLC Layer
 Main functions of RLC Layer:  RLC PDU Structure:
 Transfer of upper layer PDUs supports AM or  The PDU sequence number carried by the RLC

Page 21
UM header is independent of the SDU sequence
 TM data transfer number
 Error Correction through ARQ (no need RLC  The size of RLC PDU is variable according to the
CRC check, CRC provided by the physical) scheduling scheme. SDUs are segmented
 Segmentation according to the size of the TB: /concatenated based on PDU size. The data of
only if an RLC SDU does not fit entirely into one PDU may source from multi SDUs
Segmentation Concatenation
the TB then the RLC SDU is segmented into
variable sized RLC PDUs, no need padding RLC SDU n n+1 n+2 n+3
 Re-segmentation of PDUs that need to be ... ...
retransmitted: if a retransmitted PDU does not
fit entirely into the new TB used for
retransmission then the RLC PDU is re-
segmented
Radio Bearers
 Concatenation of SDUs for the same radio RLC header RLC header

bearer ROHC ROHC

RLC PDU
PDCP
 In-sequence delivery of upper layer
Security PDUs Security RLC PDU Structure
except at HO
AM: Acknowledge Mode
 Protocol error detection and recovery UM: Un-acknowledge
Segm. Segm.
 Duplicate Detection RLC ARQ etc
...
ARQ etc
RLC Layer Mode
Structure TM: Transparent Mode
 SDU discard Logical Channels TB: Transport Block
SDU: Service Data Unit
 Reset PDU: Protocol Data Unit
Scheduling / Priority Handling

MAC Multiplexing
 Introduction of PDCP Layer
 Main functions of PDCP Layer:  PDCP PDU Structure:

Page 22
 Functions for User Plane:  PDCP PDU and PDCP header are octet-
 Header compression and decompression: aligned
ROHC
 PDCP header can be either 1 or 2 bytes long
 Transfer of user data: PDCP receives PDCP
SDU from the NAS and forwards it to the RLC
layer and vice versa
 In-sequence delivery of upper layer PDUs at PDCP header PDCP SDU
handover for RLC AM
 Duplicate detection of lower layer SDUs at PDCP PDU
handover for RLC AM
 Retransmission of PDCP SDUs at handover for PDCP PDU Structure
RLC AM
 Ciphering Radio Bearers

 Timer-based SDU discard in uplink ROHC ROHC

PDCP
 Functions for Control Plane: Security Security
PDCP Layer
 Ciphering and Integrity Protection Structure

 Transfer of control plane data: PDCP receives

Segm. Segm.
PDCP SDUs from RRC and forwards it to the RLC
ARQ etc
...
ARQ etc
RLC layer and vice versa ROHC: Robust Header Compression
Logical Channels

Scheduling / Priority Handling

MAC Multiplexing
 Summary of Data Flow in Layer 1 & 2
 Data Transfer in Layer 1 and Layer 2

Page 23
 Data from the upper layer are headed and packaged, sent to the lower layer, vice
versa.
 Scheduler effect in the RLC, MAC and Physical Layers. User data packages are
multiplexed in the MAC Layer.
 CRC in Physical Layer.
LTE Key Technology — OFDMA & SC-FDMA
 OFDM & OFDMA  DFT-S-OFDM & SC-FDMA

Page 24
 OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing)  DFT-S-OFDM (Discrete Fourier Transform
is a modulation multiplexing technology, divides the Spread OFDM) is the modulation multiplexing
system bandwidth into orthogonal subcarriers. CP is technology used in the LTE uplink, which is
inserted between the OFDM symbols to avoid the ISI. similar with OFDM but can release the UE PA
limitation caused by high PAPR. Each user is
 OFDMA is the multi-access technology related with
assigned part of the system bandwidth.
OFDM, is used in the LTE downlink. OFDMA is the
combination of TDMA and FDMA essentially.  SC-FDMA（Single Carrier Frequency Division
Multiple Accessing）is the multi-access
 Advantage: High spectrum utilization efficiency due to
technology related with DFT-S-OFDM.
orthogonal subcarriers need no protect bandwidth.
Support frequency link auto adaptation and  Advantage: High spectrum utilization efficiency
scheduling. Easy to combine with MIMO. due to orthogonal user bandwidth need no
protect bandwidth. Low PAPR.
 Disadvantage: Strict requirement of time-frequency
domain synchronization. High PAPR.  The subcarrier assignment scheme includes
Localized mode and Distributed mode.
System Bandwidth
Sub-carriers System Bandwidth Sub-carriers

TTI: 1ms

Frequency
TTI: 1ms
Frequency

User 1
User 2
User 1 User 3
Time
User 2 Sub-band：12Sub-carriers
Time User 3
Sub-band：12Sub-carriers
 MIMO
 Downlink MIMO  Uplink MIMO

Page 25
 MIMO is supported in LTE downlink to achieve spatial  Due to UE cost and power consumption, it is difficult to
multiplexing, including single user mode SU-MIMO implement the UL multi transmission and relative power
and multi user mode MU-MIMO. supply. Virtual-MIMO, in which multi single antenna UEs
 In order to improve MIMO performance, pre-coding is are associated to transmit in the MIMO mode. Virtual-
used in both SU-MIMO and MU-MIMO to MIMO is still under study.
control/reduce the interference among spatial  Scheduler assigns the same resource to multi users.
multiplexing data flows. Each user transmits data by single antenna. System
 The spatial multiplexing data flows are scheduled to separates the data by the specific MIMO demodulation
one single user In SU-MIMO, to enhance the scheme.
transmission rate and spectrum efficiency. In MU-  MIMO gain and power gain (higher Tx power in the
MIMO, the data flows are scheduled to multi users and same time-freq resource) can be achieved by Virtual-
the resources are shared within users. Multi user gain MIMO. Interference of the multi user data can be
can be achieved by user scheduling in the spatial controlled by the scheduler, which also bring multi user
domain. gain.
Pre-coding vectors User1
User1
User 1 data
User 1 data
S1
User 1 data MIMO
User 2 data Decoder
User k data User2
Scheduler Pre-coder User2
User k data S2

User k
User k Scheduler
Channel Information Channel Information

MU-MIMO Virtual-MIMO
 Schedule and Link Auto-adaptation
 User Multiplexing and Scheduling  Link Auto-adaptation

Page 26
 Large system bandwidth (10/15/20MHz) of LTE will  LTE support link auto-adaptation in time-domain
facing the problem of frequency selected fading. The and frequency-domain. Modulation scheme is
fading characteristic on subcarriers of one user can be selected based on the channel quality in
regarded as same, but different in further subcarriers. time/frequency-domain.
 Select better subcarriers for specific user according to  In CDMA system, power control is one important link
the fading characteristic. User diversity can be auto-adaptation technology, which can avoid
achieved to increase spectrum efficiency. interference by far-near effect. In LTE system, user
 The LTE schedule period is one or more TTI. multiplexed by OFDM technology. Power control is
used to reduce the uplink interference from adjacent
 The channel propagation information is feed back to e- cell, to compensate path loss. It is one type of slow
NodeB through the uplink. Channel quality identity is link auto-adaptation scheme.
the overheading of system. The less, the better.

Channel Propagation Fading User Multiplexing and Scheduling

 Cell Interference Control
 ICIC（Inter-Cell Interference Coordination）

Page 27
 ICIC is one solution for the cell interference control, is essentially a schedule strategy. In LTE, some
coordination schemes, like SFR (Soft Frequency Reuse) and FFR (Fractional Frequency Reuse) can control the
interference in cell edges to enhance the frequency reuse factor and performance in the cell edges.

 SFR Solution
 SFR is one effective solution of inter-cell interference control. The system bandwidth is separated into primary
band and secondary band with different transmit power.

The primary band is assigned to the

users in cell edge. The eNB transmit Secondary Secondary
Band Band
power of the primary band can be high.
Secondary Band Power Cell 2,4,6

Power Cell 1 Frequency

Cell 2,4,6 Primary Band
2
Frequency
Cell 1 Primary Band 7 3 Secondary
Band
Total System 1
BW
6 4 Power Cell 3,5,7
The total system bandwidth can be assigned
to the users in cell center. The eNB transmit
power of the secondary band should be 5 Frequency
reduced in order to avoid the interference to
Cell 3,5,7P Primary Band
the primary band of neighbor cells.
 Page 28
Charter 1 LTE Principles
Charter 2 LTE Network Planning
Charter 3 LTE RNP Solutions
 Page 29
Charter 1 LTE Principles
Charter 2 LTE Network Planning
----- Frequency Planning
----- Coverage Planning
----- Capacity Planning
Charter 3 LTE RNP Solutions
Frequency reuse mode 1*3*1
F1 F1
Advantages of 1*3*1

Page 30
F1 F1
F1 F1
• High frequency efficiency, High sector
throughput F1 F1 F1
• Do not need complex scheduling algorithm, F1 F1 F1
system F1 F1 F1
Disadvantages of 1*3*1 F1 F1
F1 F1
• Co-frequency interference is hard F1 F1
• Low Cell edge data rate, difficulty for continuous
coverage.
S111 BTS

Used in limit frequency band and discontinuous coverage scenario

SFR (Soft Frequency Reuse)1*3*1
SFR 1*3*1 with ICIC
• DL ICIC：cell center use 2/3 band，cell edge

Page 31
use 1/3 band；so, in cell edge, frequency reuse 3,
different cell edge use different frequency. Tx
power in cell center lower than cell edge Tx
power to control interference.
• UL ICIC： cell center use 2/3 band，cell edge use DL SFR 1*3*1 Note: S111 BTS
1/3 band, so, in cell edge, frequency reuse 3,
different cell edge use different frequency. Cell users
in same BTS transmit in the odd / even frame
scheduling , respectively
SFR 1*3*1 networking merit

• Lower down interference with ICIC

• High Frequency efficiency UL SFR 1*3*1 Note: S111 BTS

Huawei suggest SFR 1×3×1 networking

SFR 1*3*1 Vs FFR 1*3*1
Similarities
FFR 1*3*1 DL&UL
• Separate by the frequency domain /
time domain for interference cancellation

Page 32
• Cell centers use more bandwidth
resources, cell edge use of about 1 / 3
frequency bands,
difference

User in Cell center and cell edge within the cell separate by time domain • FFR use all the sub-carrier in cell
，different site cell edge separate by frequency domain; center, SFR use 2/3 sub-carriers
SFR1*3*1 DL SFR1*3*1 UL • In DL/UL, FFR same reuse mode,,
SFR use different mode
•DL Tx Power: SFR: cell center is
lower than cell edge; FFR: cell center
is same with cell edge
• UL frequency resource: FFR mode,
in cell edge, fixed use 1/3 of the
frequency band; In SFR mode, cell
DL cell center decrease Tx powe；UL in cell edge，different cell edge use partial band, normally near
separate in frequency domain， User in Cell center and cell edge within
the cell separate by time domain 1/3 of the frequency.
 Frequency reuse mode 1*3*3
F3 F3
Advantage of 1*3*3

Page 33
F1 F1
F2 F2
•Low co-frequency interference, good coverage
• High sector throughput F3 F3 F3
F1 F1 F1
F2 F2 F2
Disadvantage of 1*3*3 F3 F3
F1 F1
• Low frequency efficiency
F2 F2
• More frequency resource required
S111 BTS

Used in rich frequency resource and discontinuous frequency band coverage

 Page 34
Charter 1 LTE Principles
Charter 2 LTE Network Planning
----- Frequency Planning
----- Coverage Planning
----- Capacity Planning
Charter 3 LTE RNP Solutions
Link Budget Procedure
Input Data Start

Calculate UL/DL MAPL

Calculate UL cell radius Calculate DL cell radius

Balance cell radius

Calculate site coverage area

Calculate site number

End

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 35

Link Budget Model: Uplink
Uplink Budget
Other Gain Slow fading margin
Gain

Margin
UE Antenna Gain
Interference margin
Loss

UE Transmit Power Body Loss

Penetration Loss

Antenna Gain

Path Loss

Cable Loss
eNodeB
Penetration Loss eNodeB
Cable Loss
Antenna Gain

eNodeB receive
sensitivity
eNodeB receive sensitivity UE transmit power

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 36

 Link Budget Model: Downlink
Downlink Budget
Other Gain Slow fading margin
Gain
eNodeB Transmit
Margin
Power
Interference margin
NodeB Antenna Gain
Loss
Cable Loss

Path Loss
Antenna Gain

Penetration Loss
Cable Loss UE receive sensitivity
Penetration Loss
Body Loss UE Antenna Gain

eNodeB transmit power UE receive sensitivity

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 37

Link Budget Principle
• Link budget is aim to calculate the cell radius.
 Cell radius can be calculated by MAPL with using propagation model
• Two keys factors:
 MAPL MAPL: Maximum Allowed Path Loss
EIRP: Effective Isotropic Radiated Power
 Propagation Model MSSR: Minimum Signal Strength Required

MAPL = EIRP - Minimum Signal Strength Required+ ∑Gain

- ∑Loss - ∑Margin
EIRP = Max Tx Power - Cable Loss - Body Loss + Antenna Gain
MSSR = Rx Sensitivity - Antenna Gain + Cable Loss + Body Loss +
Interference Margin

Cost231-Hata Model Total  Lu  a( H UE )  Cm

Lu  46.3  33.9  lg( f )  13.82  lg( H BS )  (44.9  6.55  lg( H BS ))  lg( d )
a( H UE )  (1.1 lg( f )  0.7)  H UE  (1.56  lg( f )  0.8)

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 38

MAPL CALCULATION PROCESS
 System parameter

Page 39
 System Frequency Band, Band width, duplex mode
 EIRP
 BS Tx Power, Antenna Gain, Feeder loss
 Minimum Receiver Signal Level
 Receiver sensitivity, Noise Figure, Demodulation Threshold, Antenna
gain, feeder loss, body loss.
 System gain, Margin, Loss
 MIMO Gain, other gain
 Shadow Fading Margin, Interference margin
 Penetration losss
COVERAGE PLANNING COMPARISON
LTE/CDMA / WIMAX

Page 40
 LTE Protocal defined working band is from 700MHz~2.6GHz，including CDMA
working band，but lower than WiMAX 3.5GHz。Because the working band vary
largely, so the radio propagation capability is different in LTE/CDMA/Wimax.
 LTE and WiMAX adopt OFDMA as their access technology, for a single user,
through system scheduling, using different No. of sub-carrier to meet the different
coverage requirement. Compare with CDMA, CDMA users adjust Tx power in
1.2288M to meet the coverage requirement
 MIMO technology is used in LTE & WiMAX, different MIMO mode bring
corresponding MIMO gains, like CDMA BS receiving diversity gain, which lower
down the demodulation threshold.
 Modulation mode QPSK、16QAM and 64QAM employed by LTE and Wimax, CDMA
use QPSK / 8-PSK / 16-QAM ，different modulation mode related to different data
rate and different channel conditions
 In coverage planning process, LTE is same with CDMA and Wimax. For the
technology difference, LTE is similar with Wimax, cause they all based on OFDMA
and MIMO, the difference with CDMA is showed on the key system parameters.
 Page 41
Charter 1 LTE Principles
Charter 2 LTE Network Planning
----- Frequency Planning
----- Coverage Planning
----- Capacity Planning
Charter 3 LTE RNP Solutions
 Capacity Analysis Concept

Traffic model analysis • Traffic model analysis/requirement analysis:

Page 42
/ requirement analysis
Specify customer requirements, e.g. Target users
number, user BH active ratio, service bearing rate,
overbooking, cell edge access rate, average data
Single-user Configuration rate…
throughput analysis
• Single-user throughput * No of BH Users =
Network throughput
• Configuration Analysis: Frequency reused mode,
Single-site
Network Throughput Bandwidth, carrier configurations, MIMO
capacity
configurations etc.
• Single-site Capacity: single site capacity calculated
from system simulation after configuration analysis
Number of sites • Number of sites: Network throughput requirement /
Single site Capacity
Capacity Estimation Realization Process

• Obtain the cell radius in different scenarios according to the link budget.

Page 43
Cell Radius
• According to the radius, search the simulation data table and then obtain the
cell CINR probability distribution. Currently, calculate the CINR distributing ratio
with different cell radiuses in different scenarios according to the Matlable
program provided by the RTT link budget.
Simulation result • Calculate the cell mean throughput.

Formula of calculating the cell mean throughput

N
CellAvgThroughput   Pi  Throughput i
。 i 1
C/I Probability distribution
• Pi is the probability corresponding to CINR
• Throughputi is the throughput calculated on a basis of CINR. According to different
CINRs, search the table to obtain different modulation schemes and then obtain the
Throughputi in different modulation schemes.
Cell mean throughput ratio
 Key performance baseline
Cell Radius (km) @ UL edge 64~512kbps Avg. Cell Throughput DL/UL (Mbps) @10MHz BW
Scenario
2.6GHz 2.1GHz AWS 700MHz 2.6GHz 2.1GHz AWS 700MHz

Page 44
Dense Urban 0.21~0.33 0.26~0.4 0.3~0.46 0.66~1.01 16.92 / 9.76 18.39 / 10.61 17.62 / 10.87 17.35 / 12.17

Urban 0.39~0.58 0.47~0.71 0.55~0.82 1.20~1.79 16.92 / 9.76 18.39 / 10.61 17.62 / 10.87 17.35 / 12.17

SubUrban 1.47~2.25 1.8~2.76 2.09~3.2 4.61~7.06 12.97 / 6.92 14.10 / 7.52 16.82 / 8.70 17.27 / 10.67

Rural 3.16~4.83 4.42~5.93 4.78~7.3 9.48~14.51 12.97 / 6.92 14.10 / 7.52 16.82 / 8.70 17.27 / 10.67

About SFR 1x3x1 Application Scenarios Remark

SFR 1×3×1introduces ICIC scheme  Lack of spectrum UL: enhance cell edge rate about 10%, but cell
based on traditional 1×3×1. Improves resource; throughput degrade about 5%
the cell edge user throughput with the  High requirement of cell DL : enhance cell edge rate about 20%, but cell
cost of cell throughput. edge user experiences. throughput degrade about 10%

Max. Active User

1.4MHz 3MHz 5MHz 10/15/20MHz
(RRC_Connected User) per cell

eRAN 1.0 - - 200 400

eRAN 2.0 168 360 600 1200

 Page 45
Charter 1 LTE Principles
Charter 2 LTE Network Planning
----- Frequency Planning
----- Coverage Planning
----- Capacity Planning
Charter 3 LTE RNP Solutions
RND: LTE DIMENSIONING TOOL
 RND tool is Supporting:
 Network dimensioning in different design types for different application scenarios

Page 46
 Independent calculation or inheriting of calculation results among modules
 Network dimensioning in multiple cities and networking scenarios simultaneously
 Importing/exporting parameters and calculation results, and importing the parameters and
calculation results into the RNP output template.

RND is the LTE dimensioning tool developed by Huawei

U-NET: PROFESSIONAL LTE RNP TOOL

 What is U-Net?

Page 47
 U-Net is the professional LTE simulation tool developed by Huawei.
 U-Net is based on the abundant global RNP experiences.
U-NET: POWERFUL AND SAVING
 What can U-Net do?
Function:

Page 48
• Network modeling:
 GIS
 Antenna model
 Network element management
 Service model management
 Propagation model tuning & mngt.
• Coverage Prediction:
 Path loss calculation
 Polygon operation
 Coverage plot generation
 Point analysis
 Monte Carlo simulation
• LTE Specific Planning:
 PCI planning
 Neighbor list planning
 Frequency planning

Benefit:
 Accurate prediction
 Easy operation and friendly interface
 Saving HR cost due to higher planning efficiency.
 Lower technical level requirement by Professional functions
HUAWEI LTE ENHANCEMENT FEATURES
Expected
Performance UL /
Improveme Comments
Enhancement Feature DL
nt

Page 49
Interference cancellation The more serious interference condition, the
UL 1~5dB more obvious the IRC gain will be.
IRC
Receive diversity 3 dB in theory. Considered the co-relate
4 receiving antennas UL 2.5dB between real antenna, 2.5dB is the practical
gain.
Advanced scheduling 2~3dB gain when cell edge user throughput =
UL & 500Kbps, 1~2dB gain when cell edge user
Frequency domain packet 1~3dB
DL throughput = 1Mbps
schedule
Power Convergence Bundle several TTIs together for a single VoIP
UL 1.5~3dB packet transmission. Power convergence.
4 TTIs Bundling
DBS flexibility Rooftop site, typical cable loss for BTS is 3dB,
UL & for RRU is 0.5dB (jumper loss).
RRU installed near the 2.5dB
DL Assume there is no TMA.
antenna

30% sites quantity

20% cell radius
3dB reduction
improvement increase
AVOID INTERFERENCE
Co-site solution is recommended by Huawei

Page 50
Co-site Scenario: Non Co-site Scenario:
• Avoid far-near effect, less • Adjacent frequency interference
interference will be much higher

Guard band Requirement for Co-existing Systems (MHz)

System Standards LTE Bandwidth

Co-existing Systems
LTE Other system 5MHz 10MHz 15MHz 20MHz

protocol protocol 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

LTE + GSM
Huawei Product protocol 0 0 0 0

protocol protocol 0.33 0.08 0.17 0.42

LTE + UMTS
Latest MSR protocol 0 0 0 0

protocol Huawei Product 0.24 0.49 0.74 0.99

LTE + CDMA
Huawei Product Huawei Product 0 0 0 0

LTE Band X + LTE Band Y protocol protocol 0 0 0 0

Guard band can be eliminated
LTE FDD + LTE TDD protocol
byprotocol
deploying10Huawei10RAN products
10 10

LTE TDD 2.3G + TD-SCDMA 2.3G protocol protocol 0 0 0 0

CO-ANTENNA/FEEDER ANALYSIS

 Co-antenna/feeder with 2G/3G system

Page 51
Co-antenna Analysis Co-feeder Analysis
 Benefit:  Benefit:
 No more antenna installation space  Saving feeder cost
 Risk:  Risk:
 Additional diplexers cause insertion loss  High feeder loss in 2.6GHz. (Table below)
 Can not adjust azimuth independently  0.6~1.0dB loss caused by additional
 Suggestion: diplexers/TMAs (0.3dB/diplexer), which
 Wide band or multi band depends on the bring negative impact on 2G/3G coverage
frequency spectrums  Suggestion:
 4-port antenna is recommended for  RRU installed near to antenna
supporting independent downtilt  Co-feeder is not recommended in general
 Same electrical specification with original. scenarios.

Feeder loss is 3dB

higher in 2.6GHz
SEPARATE ANTENNA/FEEDER ANALYSIS
Advantage: Separate antenna/feeder for LTE
Individual network planning

Page 52


for LTE: 2G/3G LTE

 No additional feeder and
connector loss for LTE;
 No negative impact to
2G/3G network.
 Convenience and accuracy
network optimization for LTE:
 Individual antenna
adjustment

Disadvantage:
 Require more tower
installation space;
 Require higher tower load.
TYPICAL CO-ANTENNA/FEEDER SOLUTIONS
LTE LTE LTE

Page 53
4 ports antenna 4 ports antenna 2 ports antenna
RRU inst. near antenna Co-feeder Co-feeder

Risks: Conclusion:
Additional loss by co-feeder will:  Select the Co-antenna/feeder solution
 Reduce 11~14% cell radius based on the real situation
 Increase 26~35% site quantity  Need to evaluate and balance the
(2.6GHz, 30m 7/8’’ feeder) benefits and risks of the solution
REUSE AND UPGRADE LEGACY DAS

Challenges Solution
• High frequency (2.6GHz) caused

Page 54
• Higher transmit power compensate
additional feeder and insertion loss. feeder and insertion loss.
• Legacy DAS structure is difficult to • First Stage: DL and UL SISO.
implement MIMO technology.
• Next Stage: DL and UL MIMO when
• Upgrade legacy DAS is costly. multi antenna DAS is ready.