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Meningitis

This document discusses analyzing the antimicrobial properties of Zamzam water, Nigella sativa, scorpion venom, and snake venom in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with tuberculous meningitis. Tuberculous meningitis is a serious form of tuberculosis with high mortality, especially in children. Current drug therapies do not account for differences in drugs crossing the blood-brain barrier. The document proposes analyzing these natural substances in vitro using CSF samples to explore new treatment approaches for this dangerous infection. It reviews relevant properties of these candidates and outlines areas for further research, such as antimicrobial peptides in scorpion venom and phospholipases in snake venom that could act on bacterial cell surfaces.

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Amalia Tri Utami
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116 views20 pages

Meningitis

This document discusses analyzing the antimicrobial properties of Zamzam water, Nigella sativa, scorpion venom, and snake venom in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with tuberculous meningitis. Tuberculous meningitis is a serious form of tuberculosis with high mortality, especially in children. Current drug therapies do not account for differences in drugs crossing the blood-brain barrier. The document proposes analyzing these natural substances in vitro using CSF samples to explore new treatment approaches for this dangerous infection. It reviews relevant properties of these candidates and outlines areas for further research, such as antimicrobial peptides in scorpion venom and phospholipases in snake venom that could act on bacterial cell surfaces.

Uploaded by

Amalia Tri Utami
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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The Comparison of In Vitro Analysis of The

Antimicrobial Properties of Zamzam water,


Nigella sativa linn., Scorpion Venom and
Snake Venom in Cerebrospinal Fluid of
Tuberculous Meningitis Patients

dr.Amalia Tri Utami, M.Biomed


Tuberculous meningitis (TBM) is a global health problem.

Tuberculosis meningitis (TBM) is the deadliest form of


tuberculosis with mortality highest in children

The combined complications of HIV-1 co-infection and multi-


drug resistance in TBM confer a mortality close to 100%

Complications of TBM such as hydrocephalus and cerebral


vasculitis add to the complexities of treatment.

The current therapy of TBM is based on the treatment of


pulmonary tuberculosis, which may not be ideal.

Current antimicrobial regimes do not factor the differing


ability of drugs to cross the blood-brain barrier
Angharad Davis. Treatment of Tuberculous Meningitis and Its Complications in Curr Treat Options Neurol. 2018; 20(3): 5..
PATHOGENESIS
MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSA

This coating makes the cells


Has an unusual, waxy impervious to Gram
Pathogenic bacteria in the
coating on its cell surface staining and as a result, M.
family Mycobactericeae and
primarily due to the tuberculosis can appear
the causative agent of TB.
presence of mycolic acid. either Gram-negative or
Gram-positive.

Acid-fast stains such as


The physiology of M.
Ziehl-Nelsen is used
tuberculosis is highly
instead to identify M.
aerobic and requires high
tuberculosis with a
levels of oxygen.
microscope.
Recommendation using zamzam water as a medicine

 ‫ َﻝَﺎﻗ ٍﺱﺎَّﺒَﻋ ِﻦْﺑﺍ ِﻦَﻋ‬: ‫ﻪَّﻠﻟﺍ ُﻝْﻮُﺳَﺭ َﻝﺎَﻗ‬: ‫ُﺀﺎَﻣ ِﺽْﺭَﺄْﻟﺍ ِﻪْﺟَﻭ ﻰَﻠَﻋ ٍﺀﺎَﻣ ُﺮْﻴَﺧ‬
‫ َﻡَﺰْﻣَﺯ‬،‫ ِﻢْﻌَّﻄﻟﺍ ُﻡﺎَﻌَﻃ ِﻪْﻴِﻓ‬،‫ِﻢْﻘَّﺴﻟﺍ ُﺀﺎَﻔِﺷَﻭ‬

 From Ibn Abbas, the Prophet said, "The best water that
is found on the earth is Zamzam. Inside is a filling meal
and antidote to disease. "
Recommendation using Nigella
Sativa linn
Can medical treatment use scorpion
and snake venom in Islam?

 ُ‫ت‬
ِ ‫ورا‬
َ ‫ظ‬ُ ‫ح ْال َم ْح‬
ُُ ‫َّات تُبِي‬
ُُ ‫وري‬
ِ ‫ض ُر‬
َّ ‫ال‬
 “Emergencies allow forbidden things"
 (Al Asybah wan Nazhair, 1/155)
SCORPION

Scorpions are found on all major


Predatory arachnids, has 8 legs
land masses except Antarctica

All known scorpion species


possess venom and use it
They are nocturnal & fossorial
primarily to kill or paralyze their
prey so that it can be eaten

The venom consists of a


collection of peptides.
SNAKE

Snakes are elongated, legless, carnivorous reptiles of the suborder


Serpentes

Living snakes are found on every continent except Antarctica

Several compounds from snake venoms are being researched as


potential treatments or preventatives for pain, cancers, arthritis,
stroke, heart disease, hemophilia, and hypertension, and to control
bleeding (e.g. during surgery)
NIGELLA SATIVA LINN.

An annual flowering plant in the


family Ranunculaceae

N. sativa grows to 20–30 cm in


tall

N. sativa was used in the Middle


East as a traditional medicine
ZAM ZAM WATER

The Well of Zamzam is a well


located within the Masjid al-Haram
in Mecca, 20 meters east of Ka’ba

The well is 35 meters deep and


topped by an elegant dome
Areas of Controversy
 The pathogenesis of TBM remains incompletely
understood limiting the development of interventions
to improve outcome.
 The optimal therapy of TBM has not been established
in clinical trials, and increasing antimicrobial resistance
threatens successful treatment of this condition.
 The use of adjunctive anti-inflammatory agents
remains controversial, and their mechanism of action
remains incompletely understood.
 The role of surgical intervention is uncertain and may
not be available in areas where TBM is common.
Areas timely for developing research

Scorpion Snake
Venom Venom
Antimicrobial Peptide (AMP) Phospholipases A2
• KN2-7 (Derived from BMKN-2) • hydrolyze phospholipids and could
• killed S. aureus and E. coli rapidly act on bacterial cell surfaces on
• by binding to the lipoteichoic acid Staphylococcus aureu
(LTA) in the S. aureus cell wall and
the lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in
the E. coli cell wall

lUYng Chao. Antibacterial Activity and Mechanism of a Scorpion Venom Peptide Derivative In Vitro and In Vivo` PlosOne.2012
De Olievera. Snake venoms: attractive antimicrobial proteinaceous compounds for therapeutic purposes. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2013 Dec;70(24):4645-58.
Areas timely for developing research

Nigella Zam zam


Sativa linn. water
thymoquinone, Flouride
thymohydroquinone and thymol • Zamzam stimulates the formation of
implantation windows through
• inhibiting cell attachment is a promising stimulation of AQPs
tool for reducing microbial colonization
on various surfaces • They have some connections with
membrane proteins that belong to the
• prevent microbial biofilm formation family of major intrinsic proteins (MIP)
and form pores in the membranes of
biological cells.

Nauman Khalid , Asif Ahmad , Sumera Khalid , Anwaar Ahmed & Muhammad Irfan (2014) Mineral Composition and Health Functionality of Zamzam
Water: A Review, International Journal of Food Properties, 17:3, 661-677,

Randhawa MA and Al-Ghamdi MJ, A review of pharmacotherapeutic effects of Nigella sativa, Pak J Med Res, 2002, 41(2), 77-83.
PROPERTIES OF NORMAL CSF
an ultrafiltrate of plasma
arising from the choroid
plexus in the ventricles at a
rate of ∼0.5 ml/min in adults.

The total volume of CSF is


∼150 mL

CSF normally contains a small


number of lymphocytes and
monocytes with a total cell
count of <5 cells/mm3
CANDIDATE FOR NEW MODEL IN
VITRO ANALYSIS FOR MENINGITIS
TUBERCULOUS FROM CSF

Because there is no journal that discuss about it


Sample :
Variable dependent Mycobacterium tuberculosa was isolated from CSF
patients with TBM
Variable independent : Scorpion Venom, Snake Venom, Nigella
Sativa linn. and Zamzam Water
METHODS
TERIMAKASIH

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