Lesson 6

DNA, RNA and

Protein Synthesis
(Part 1)
REVIEW A

Glucose glucagon fat

increases
Skeletal muscles decrease insulin
liver

The pancreas releases ______________.

Insulin stimulates cells throughout the body
to take ________ out of the bloodstream.
REVIEW A

Directions: Fill in the blanks with the correct terms/words.

Use the words on the list. The same word can be use
more than once.

Glucose glucagon fat

increases
Skeletal muscles decrease insulin liver

For those who ate breakfast or lunch today, blood

glucose levels _____________after eating.
Glucose glucagon fat
increases
Skeletal muscles decrease insulin
liver
Glucose taken out of the circulation is
stored in __________ and
____________________, or converted to
_______.
Within one or two hours after eating,
the level of blood glucose ______________
Then, pancreas releases ______________.
Glucose glucagon fat
REVIEW A
increases
Skeletal muscles decrease insulin
liver

Glucagon stimulates the cells of the _________ and

skeletal muscles to break down complex sugar and
increase ____________ levels in the blood.
Glucagon also causes fat cells to break down fats so
that they can be used for the production of
________________.
REVIEW B

Answer the following questions:

1.How do feedback mechanisms help
maintain homeostasis?
2.What is the difference between
negative and positive feedback?
3.Identify and give an example of two
organ systems working together to
maintain homeostasis.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1.Describe the structure and function of
DNA
2.Explain how DNA is replicated and its
importance to the living organisms
 JUMPING BOARD
Identify the name of the people who gave a big contribution to the
discovery of DNA. Use the given code and description to determine
the name of the scientist.

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
 JUMPING BOARD

7 18 5 7 15 18

13 5 14 4 5 12

He is known as the "father of modern

genetics,” was born in Austria in 1822. A monk
that discovered the basic principles of heredity
through experiments in his monastery's garden
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
 JUMPING BOARD
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

He was the co-

recipient of the 1962
Nobel Prize for
Physiology or
Medicine, stemming
from his discovery of
6 18 1 14 3 9 19
the structure of DNA

3 18 9 3 11
 JUMPING BOARD
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

He is a Nobel Prize-
winning biophysicist
and researcher
credited with co-
discovering the
double-helix
10 1 13 5 19 structure of DNA.

23 1 20 19 15 14
 JUMPING BOARD
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

His best known achievement

was to show that in natural
DNA the number of guanine
units equals the number of
cytosine units and the number
of adenine units equals the
number of thymine units.

5 18 23 9 14 3 8 1 18 7 1 6 6
 JUMPING BOARD
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

She was the brilliant chemist

whose x-ray diffraction studies
provided crucial clues to the
structure of DNA

18 15 19 1 12 9 14 4 6 18 1 14 11 12 9 14
CONCEPT DISCUSSION

DNA Structure

Do you have any

idea what DNA
stands for?
Where can we
locate the DNA
inside the body?
CONCEPT DISCUSSION

A chromosome is a packaged and organized

structure containing most of the DNA of a
living organism.
Genes are located in chromosomes inside the
nucleus, which consists of a single long DNA
that is highly coiled and folded by proteins.
DNA instructions are divided into segments
called genes. Each gene provides the
information for making a protein, which carries
out a specific function in the cell.
CONCEPT DISCUSSION
 Watch this video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C1
CRrtkWwu0

Guide Questions:
a.What are nucleic acids?
b.What are the types of nucleic acids
in the body?
c.What does DNA stands for?
d.Why is DNA important?
CONCEPT DISCUSSION

RNA and DNA are

nucleic acids.
Nucleic acids are
complex
macromolecules
that store and
transmit genetic
information.
CONCEPT DISCUSSION

A DNA molecule
is often compared
to a ladder, with
the two
backbones
forming the sides
of the ladder and
the base pairs
forming the steps,
or rungs.
• However, instead of
a straight ladder,
DNA looks like a
twisted ladder,
known as a double
helix (“double” for
the two backbones).
CONCEPT DISCUSSION

The DNA sequence is the consecutive

order of bases on one side, or strand, of
the twisted ladder. The other strand has
a complementary sequence determined
by the base pairing rules. DNA also folds
and coils itself into more complex
shapes. The coiled shape makes it very
small.
CONCEPT DISCUSSION

RNA and DNA are composed of nucleotides.

Nucleotides are subunits of nucleic acids.
There are six major nucleotides. A molecule of
DNA (Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid) is composed of
two backbones and four types of chemical
bases.
The Backbone is formed by a chain of
alternating phosphates and sugars. Each
sugar molecule in the backbone provides an
attachment site for one of the chemical bases.
CONCEPT DISCUSSION

The rungs of the

ladder in DNA
molecule are the
bases. The
nitrogenous bases are
represented by letters.
What are the letters
that you see in the
picture? What do you
think they represent?
CONCEPT DISCUSSION
CONCEPT DISCUSSION

There are two kinds of nitrogen-

containing bases - purines and
pyrimidines.
Purines consist of a six-membered and
a five-membered nitrogen-containing
ring, fused together.
Pyrimidines have only a six-membered
nitrogen-containing ring.
CONCEPT DISCUSSION
CONCEPT DISCUSSION

DNA contain deoxyribose, a phosphate and one

of the four nitrogenous bases: Adenine, guanine,
cytosine or thymine.
RNA nucleotides contain the sugar ribose, a
phosphate and one of the four nitrogenous
bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine or uracil.
The specific matching of the base pairs, A with T
and C with G, provides a way for exact copies of
DNA to be made. This process is called DNA
replication.
CONCEPT DISCUSSION
 Nucleic acids are complex macromolecules that store
and transmit genetic information.
 There are two types of nucleic acids found in living
organisms: deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid.
 Nucleotides are subunits of nucleic acids.
 A nucleotide is the basic structural unit and building
block for DNA. These building blocks are hooked
together to form a chain of DNA. A nucleotide is
composed of 3 parts:
* five-sided sugar
* phosphate group
* nitrogenous base (nitrogen containing)
CONCEPT DISCUSSION

 Each nucleic acid contains four of five

possible nitrogen-containing bases: adenine
(A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), thymine (T),
and uracil (U).
 A and G are categorized as purines, and C,
T, and U are collectively called pyrimidines.
 All nucleic acids contain the bases A, C, and
G; T, however, is found only in DNA, while U
is found in RNA.
 Act.1 A

Introduction
Cells are the functional units of living things.
They reproduce, in part, by making and
passing deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) from the
parent cell to the offspring cell. All DNA is
made up of the same chemical bases,
adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine. The
order of the bases determines the proteins the
cell makes and the functions the cell performs.
 Extracting DNA from Bananas

Objectives:
• Understand that DNA can be
extracted and observe.
• DNA is a component of living and
once-living things.
 Extracting DNA from Bananas

Objectives:
• Understand that DNA can be
extracted and observe.
• DNA is a component of living and
once-living things.
 MATERIALS

Quantity Description Material

1 Large Banana
3/4 cups distilled water
1 clear, shampoo or liquid dishwashing soap
teaspoon colorless
1/4 regular table salt
teaspoon
15 ml 91% Isopropyl
Note: (i.e., rubbing alcohol) in 25 ml or 50 ml
sealed test tube; chill the alcohol by
placing the test tube in a beaker containing ice
cubes and some water
1 Regular Blender
 MATERIALS

1 3 16- plastic cups

ounce
1 regular tape (optional)
2 plastic spoons
1 set measuring spoons and a
measuring cup with 1/2-cup
markings
1 250 ml beaker
1 plastic pipette or medicine dropper
1 Thin glass rod
GROUPINGS
 Leader: will be the one to assign task to the members and be the
primary investigator. He/she will be the one to collect the experiment
papers at the end of the activity. If the procedure is very long the
leader will assign a secondary investigator to help him/her do the
experiment.
 Time Keeper: makes sure that the group will accomplish the activity
on time and will also serve as the scribe of the group. As a scribe
he/she will be the one to record the observations and share it to the
group.
 Materials Monitor: this student will be the one to get the tray with the
complete materials in it. He/she will be the one to do the inventory of
the materials before and after the activity and make sure that the area
is clean during and after the experiment.
 Reporter: This student will be the one to share the group’s findings
with the class.
PROCEDURE

1. Using your knife, cut your banana into

tiny pieces to expose more of the
cells.
2. Place your banana pieces in the
blender, add a teaspoon of salt and
slightly cover the mixture with warm
water. The salt will help the DNA stay
together during the mashing process.
PROCEDURE

3. Mix in the blender for 5 to 10 seconds

making sure the mixture is not too runny.
4. Pour the mixture into the glass jar
through the strainer or coffee filter. You
want the jar to be about half full.
PROCEDURE

5. Add about 2 teaspoons of liquid soap and

gently stir the mixture. You should try not to
create bubbles when stirring. The soap helps
to breakdown cell membranes to release the
DNA.
6. Carefully pour very cold rubbing alcohol
down the side of the glass stopping near the
top.
ACTIVITY 1A

Watch this video:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hRiXCKiaE3w
Guide Questions:
1. Describe the appearance of the
DNA you extracted.
2. Summarize the main steps
involved in extracting DNA from
bananas.
3. Do you think your results would
be different if you were to use a
fruit or vegetable other than
bananas? Explain.
CHECKPOINT

Answer the following questions:

1.What is DNA? Where is DNA located?
2.What are chromosomes made of?
3.How are genes related to how you look
outside and how your body works inside
4.What makes up DNA?
5.Why is DNA important?
 EXPLORE

The picture on the left side is being fertilized by the

sperm so that means it will become a zygote. It will
divide through mitosis it will eventually become an
embryo then become a fetus and eventually
become a human.
 EXPLORE

Human have trillions of cells and we have to

make sure that each of those cells has the
same set of DNA in that of the original cell.
CONCEPT DISCUSSION

When does DNA

replication
happen?
Encircle the
stage where
DNA replication
happens.
How do DNA
replicate?
CONCEPT DISCUSSION
CONCEPT DISCUSSION

 The DNA model proposed by Watson

and Crick suggested that DNA is
replicated in semiconservative
method. In this method, the parental
DNA strand (original DNA) separate,
so that each strand will become the
template for copying and producing
similar DNA molecules.
CONCEPT DISCUSSION

Watch this video:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v
=G1AoVF3k9Hg

After watching, write the step by step

process of DNA replication
 CONCEPT DISCUSSION

1. The first step in DNA

replication is to ‘unzip’ the
double helix structure of the
DNA molecule.
2. This is carried out by an
enzyme called helicase which
breaks the hydrogen bonds.
Holding the complementary
bases of DNA together (A
with T, C with G).
 CONCEPT DISCUSSION

3. The separation of the

two single strands of
DNA creates a ‘Y’
shape called a
replication ‘fork’. The
two separated strands
will act as templates for
making the new strands
of DNA.
4. One of the strands is
oriented in the 3’ to 5’
direction (towards the
replication fork), this is the
leading strand. The other
strand is oriented in the 5’ to
3’ direction (away from the
replication fork), this is the
lagging strand. As a result
of their different
orientations, the two strands
are replicated differently:
 LEADING STRAND

1. A short piece of RNA called a primer (produced by

an enzyme called primase) comes along and binds
to the end of the leading strand. The primer acts as
the starting point for DNA synthesis.
LEADING STRAND

2. DNA polymerase binds to the leading

strand and then ‘walks’ along it, adding new
complementary nucleotide bases (A, C, G
and T) to the strand of DNA in the 5’ to 3’
direction.
3. This sort of replication is called
continuous.
LAGGING STRAND

5. Numerous RNA primers are made by the

primase enzyme and bind at various points
along the lagging strand.
6. Chunks of DNA, called Okazaki
fragments, are then added to the lagging
strand also in the 5’ to 3’ direction.
7. This type of replication is called
discontinuous as the Okazaki fragments
will need to be joined up later.
 CONCEPT DISCUSSION

8.Once all of the bases are matched up (A

with T, C with G), an enzyme called
exonuclease strips away the primer(s).
The gaps where the primer(s) were are then
filled by yet more complementary
nucleotides.
9.The new strand is proofread to make sure
there are no mistakes in the new DNA
sequence.
 CONCEPT DISCUSSION

10. Finally, an enzyme called DNA ligase seals up

the sequence of DNA into two continuous double
strands.
11. The result of DNA replication is two DNA
molecules consisting of one new and one old chain
of nucleotides. This is why DNA replication is
described as semi-conservative, half of the chain is
part of the original DNA molecule, half is brand new.

12. Following replication the new DNA automatically

winds up into a double helix.
 Difference of the 3 Methods of
Replication

Semiconservative replication would produce

two copies that each contained one of the
original strands and one new strand.
Conservative replication would leave the two
original template DNA strands together in a
double helix, with the new DNA composed
entirely of two new strands.
Dispersive replication would produce two
copies of the DNA, both containing a mixture of
old and new material.
Activity 2 A

OPTIONAL ACTIVITY

DNA REPLICATION WORKSHEET

 DNA REPLICATION WORKSHEET

DNA Basics
Part A
1. Label EVERY sugar (S), phosphate (P), and nitrogen base (A, T, C, G) in
the diagram below.

#2
DNA REPLICATION WORKSHEET

Part B
2. Examine the objects inside the box labeled #2.
3. What is the special shape of DNA called?
4. Which type of chemical bonds will join the two
DNA bases?
5. Which nucleotide part(s) make up the outside of
the DNA ladder?
6. Which nucleotide part(s) make up the rungs of
the DNA ladder?
 DNA REPLICATION WORKSHEET
Part C
DNA Replication
7. Put the pictures of DNA replication in order by placing a 1, 2, or 3 on the
line above the picture.
8. Describe what is happening on the lines below the picture. Be sure to
include the names of any enzyme involved.

_______________ _______________ _______________

 DNA REPLICATION WORKSHEET
Part D
DNA and RNA Comparison
9. Complete the following chart by comparing DNA, mRNA, and tRNA.
Sample answers have been provided.

DNA mRNA tRNA

Molecule Deoxyribonucleic acid

full name
Name of
Ribose
sugar
Nitrogen
Adenine, Uracil,
Bases
Guanine, Cytosine
Present
Stores genetic
Function information
CHECKPOINT

Answer the following questions:

1. Why must DNA be able to make copies of itself?
2. What enzymes help separate the 2 strands of
nucleotides on DNA? What bonds do they break?
3. If the sequence of nucleotides on the original
DNA strand was A – G – G – C – T – A, what
would be the nucleotide sequence on the
complementary strand of DNA?
4. Why does DNA replication take place at many
places/sites on the molecule simultaneously?
What is each site called?
CHECKING OF KEY CONCEPTS

 Genes are located in chromosomes inside the

nucleus, which consists of a single long DNA that is
highly coiled and folded by proteins. DNA instructions
are divided into segments called genes. Each gene
provides the information for making a protein, which
carries out a specific function in the cell.
 RNA and DNA are nucleic acids. Nucleic acids are
complex macromolecules that store and transmit
genetic information.
 DNA looks like a twisted ladder, known as a double
helix (“double” for the two backbones).
CHECKING OF KEY CONCEPTS

 There are two kinds of nitrogen-containing bases -

purines and pyrimidines.
a. Purines consist of a six-membered and a five-
membered nitrogen-containing ring, fused together.
b. Pyrimidines have only a six-membered nitrogen-
containing ring.
 The DNA model proposed by Watson and Crick
suggested that DNA is replicated in semiconservative
method. In this method, the parental DNA strand (original
DNA) separate, so that each strand will become the
template for copying and producing similar DNA
molecules.
 SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT

Summative assessment #3 next meeting.

Write the pointers in your notebook.
• Feedback mechanism
• Coordination of nervous, reproductive and
endocrine system
• Fight or Flight Response
• Glucose-Insulin Feedback Mechanism
• DNA and nucleotides
• DNA replication
WRAP UP

Write 5 things that you have learned

in this topic and 5 specific questions
that you want to ask in the next
lesson about DNA.