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Me Sci 10 q3 1301 Ps

The document summarizes key aspects of DNA structure and function. It describes DNA as being made up of nucleotides containing phosphate, sugar, and nitrogenous bases. DNA exists as a double helix with antiparallel strands held together by hydrogen bonds between base pairs. The discovery of DNA structure is credited to Watson, Crick, Wilkins, and Franklin using evidence like X-ray crystallography. The structure of DNA allows it to stably store and transmit genetic information in the form of base sequences.

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74 views27 pages

Me Sci 10 q3 1301 Ps

The document summarizes key aspects of DNA structure and function. It describes DNA as being made up of nucleotides containing phosphate, sugar, and nitrogenous bases. DNA exists as a double helix with antiparallel strands held together by hydrogen bonds between base pairs. The discovery of DNA structure is credited to Watson, Crick, Wilkins, and Franklin using evidence like X-ray crystallography. The structure of DNA allows it to stably store and transmit genetic information in the form of base sequences.

Uploaded by

Cassy Leighz Bagonoc
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Lesson 13.

The DNA Structure


Learning Competency

At the end of this lesson, the given DepEd learning


competency should be met by the students.

Explain how protein is made using information


from DNA (S10LT-IIId-37).
Learning Objectives

At the end of this lesson, the learner should be able to


do the following:

● Describe the structure and function of nucleic acids.


● Differentiate between DNA and RNA.
Cell is the
fundamental,
structural, and
functional unit
of organisms.
One of the important
parts of the cell is the
nucleus.

The nucleus contains


the genetic material
known as the
deoxyribonucleic
acid or DNA.
Try it!
Warm-Up

Hi! My Name is D-N-A

1. Using different colors


of plastic straws and
an electrical tape,
create a model of DNA
molecule.
2. Describe the DNA
Red always pairs with yellow, and
model you have made. green always pair with blue.
What does it look like?
Learn about It

Discovery of Nucleic Acids


• Friedrich Miescher

• He discovered nucleic acids


upon isolation of “nuclein”
from white blood cells.

• This isolated material is now


known as the DNA.
Friedrich Miescher (1844–
1895)
Learn about It

Nucleic Acids
• Nucleic acids are biomolecules
that play important roles in the
storage and expression of
genetic information.

• They are macromolecules


composed of the monomers
called nucleotides. The genetic information is
stored in the cell nucleus.
Learn about It

Nucleotides

• Nucleotides have the


following components

• a phosphate group
• a 5-C sugar
• a nitrogenous base The structure of a nucleotide
Learn about It

Nucleotides
• Nucleotides have the
following bonds within it.

• Glycosidic bond
attaches the base to the
first C of sugar.
• Ester bond attaches the Ester and glycosidic bonds occur
phosphate to the first C within a nucleotide
of sugar.
Learn about It

Nucleotide Chain
• Phosphodiester linkages
connect the nucleotides.

• A nucleotide is connected
to its adjacent nucleotides
via two ester bonds.
• Phosphate group is
bonded to the 3′ carbon
of sugar. The phosphodiester bond of
nucleotides
Learn about It

Types of Nucleic Acids


• Nucleic acids can either be
a DNA (deoxyribonucleic
acid) or RNA (ribonucleic
acid).

• The differ in terms of their


nitrogenous bases and
the 5-C sugar.
The structural difference between
DNA and RNA
Learn about It

Nitrogenous Bases

• Bases can either be


purines (two-ringed) or
pyrimidines (single-
ringed).

• DNA and RNA have the


same bases except for
thymine in DNA and
uracil in RNA.
The nitrogenous bases of DNA and RNA
Learn about It

5-C Sugar
• The nucleic acids differ
in their 5-C sugar.

• DNA has the sugar


deoxyribose, while RNA
has ribose.

• Their sugars differ in The 5-C sugars of DNA and RNA


the second carbon
atom.
Learn about It

The Chargaff Rule


• Erwin Chargaff established
rules about DNA composition.

• The amount of A almost


equal to T
• The amount of G almost
equal to C
The Chargaff rule on DNA base
• 1:1 ratio between A & T and composition
C&G
Learn about It

DNA as the Genetic Material


• The DNA stores genetic
information in the form of
nucleotide sequences.

• The base pairings in DNA


help protect and conserve its
genetic information.

DNA is contained in cell nucleus


Learn about It

DNA Structure
• The strands of DNA run in
opposite directions making
them antiparallel.

• Coding strand: runs in 5′


to 3′ direction; the strand
that is expressed
• Template strand: runs in
3′ to 5′ direction
The antiparallel strands of DNA
Learn about It

DNA Structure

• The DNA double helix is a


twisted, right-handed,
staircase.

• Sugar-phosphate: the
sides of the ladder
• Base pairs: the rungs of
the ladder
DNA’s right-handed, helical structure
Learn about It

DNA Structure
• The twisting and rigidity of
the DNA form grooves or
gaps.

• Minor groove: backbones


are closer; base more
hidden
• Major groove: backbones
are farther; bases more
exposed The major and minor grooves of DNA
Learn about It

Representing the DNA strand


Ways of representing the DNA sequence
Sequence Description
Polarity is seen with the 5′ and 3′ locants;
5′-pApTpApTpApTpApTpApTpA-3′
directionality labels can be removed.
A phosphate group is exposed at the 5′ end;
pApTpApTpApTpApTpApTpA
phosphate groups can be removed.
Simplified notation with only the nitrogenous
ATATATATAT
bases represented.

ATATATATAT The coding strand is always written above the


TATATATATA complementary template strand.
Learn about It

Discovery of DNA Structure


• James Watson and Francis
Crick first proposed the
double helical structure of
DNA.

• They used different data sets


such as that of Rosalind
James Watson (1928–present) and
Franklin and Erwin Chargaff.
Francis Crick (1916–2004)
Learn about It

Discovery of DNA Structure


• Rosalind Franklin, alongside
Raymond Gosling, obtained the
Photograph 51 via X-ray
crystallography.

• The symmetric patterns


generated were interpreted as Rosalind Franklin (1920-1958) and
the DNA structure. her Photograph 51
Key Points

● Nucleotides, the monomers of nucleic acids, have three components:


a five-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.

● A strand of nucleic acids is formed by linked nucleotides together by


phosphodiester bonds.

● A DNA strand has a 5’ end where the phosphate group is found and a
3’ end where the sugar molecule is located.
Key Points

● The double helix is right-handed. It twists in the clockwise


direction which results in the formation of major and minor
grooves.

● The DNA sequence can be represented by its nitrogenous bases.

● Ribonucleic acid (RNA) are nucleic acids involved in protein


synthesis. It uses uracil instead of thymine as one of its
nitrogenous bases.
Check Your Understanding

Determine whether each of the following


statements is true or false.
1. Adenine always pairs with thymine in a double-stranded DNA structure.
2. Histones are proteins that help in the formation of a phosphodiester
bond.
3. Nucleotides are linked together to form nucleosomes.
4. Chromosomes are found in the nucleus of cells.
5. DNA is composed of three strands of nucleic acids that are arranged in
an antiparallel manner.
Photo Credits

● Slide 13: Difference DNA RNA-EN by Sponk is licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 via Creative Commons.

● Slide 17: 0318 Nucleus by OpenTax is licensed under CC BY 4.0 via Creative Commons.

● Slide 22: Francis Crick by Marc Lieberman is licensed under CC BY 2.5 via Creative Commons.
Bibliography

Alberts, Bruce, et al. 2002. Molecular Biology of the Cell. 4th ed. New York: Garland Science.

Lizabeth A. Allison. 2007. Fundamental Molecular Biology. Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing.

Berg, Jeremy M., Tymoczko, John, Stryer, Lubert and Clarke, Neil D. 2002. Biochemistry. W. H. Freeman
and Company.

Campbell, Neil. 2001. Biology. San Francisco, CA: Benjamin Cummings.

Kwan, Lam Peng, and Erik Lam. 2013. Biology GCE”O” Level. Singapore: Marshall Cavendish Education.

Morales, Josefina and Anna Cherylle Morales-Ramos. 2017. Exploring Life Through Science Series General
Biology 2. Philippines: Phoenix Publishing House.

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