API® Tech Data Book, 9th Edition

For the Improved Design and

Operation of Petroleum Refineries
 API® Tech Data Book 9
Technical Overview

 An API Standard - Developed/Maintained under API Funding for over

50+ years.
 Mission Statement: provide a critically reviewed compilation of the physical and
thermodynamic data and correlations that are of most interest to petroleum refiners
for process evaluation and equipment design
 Provides the technical expert’s recommendations on what data and methods
should be employed to accurately predict the phase equilibrium and thermo-
physical properties of chemical and refining streams.
 This information is necessary for the cost effective design of and for the safe
and efficient operation of process units.
 Stewardship/Critical Review – API Technical Data Committee
 Over 10,000 copies of the printed Data Book have been sold in the US and
abroad
 Unmatched accuracy for key technical data used in the design and operation
of chemical and refining facilities in the 9th Edition:
 Hydrocarbon – Water Solubilities
 Physical Properties of Sulfur Containing Components
 Petroleum Fraction Characterization
 An educational tool in thermodynamics for the practicing Chemical Engineer
 API® Tech Data Book 9
Product History
 1966 - First edition released
 1970 to 1997 – Five new editions based on twelve interim revisions
 1996 – Technical Data Committee decides to develop an electronic Data
Book counterpart – RFP process completed in 1997 and contract awarded to
EPCON International
 1998 – First electronic version was introduced as the API Tech Database –
40% coverage of the Tech Data Book topics
 1999 – 13th revision package - the last update to the printed version
 2001 – Version 2 electronic – 70% coverage of the Tech Data Book topics
 2002 – Version 3 electronic – 100% coverage of the Tech Data Book topics
(distribution of the printed 6th Edition is discontinued)
 2005 – The 7th Edition marks the completion of the re-mastering process of
the Data Book into searchable text format and the 4th version of the software
interface (first new, printed Data Book available since 1999).
 2007 – The 8th Edition released as the 40th Anniversary Edition
 2009 – Version 8.1 with all data book updates released.
 2013 – Version 9 with all new software components will be released
 API® Tech Data Book 9
Current API Technical Data
Committee Membership

 Cal Spencer, Chair (KBR)

 David Bluck (Invensys)
 Joel Glassett (BP)
 Jack Heidman (ExxonMobil)
 Homy Maerefat (CBI/Lummus)
 Patrick Malone (Shell Global Solutions)
 Paul Mathias (Fluor)
 Henry Ren (Chevron)
 Greg Cantley (Marathon Petroleum)
 Howard Wilson (Phillips 66)
 Todd Willman (EPCON International, ex-officio)
 Duane Brown (API Staff Support)
 API® Tech Data Book 9
Technical Coverage

Volume I - General Properties and Characterization

Chapter 1 - General Data
Chapter 2 - Characterization of Hydrocarbons
Chapter 3 - Petroleum Fraction Distillation Interconversions
Chapter 4 - Critical Properties
Chapter 5 - Vapor Pressure
Chapter 6 – Density
Volume II - Thermal Properties and Phase Equilibria
Chapter 7 - Thermal Properties
Chapter 8 - Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium K-Values
Chapter 9 - Phase Equilibria in Systems Containing Water
Volume III - Surface & Transport Properties and Combustion
Chapter 10 - Surface and Interfacial Tension
Chapter 11 - Viscosity
Chapter 12 - Thermal Conductivity
Chapter 13 - Diffusivity
Chapter 14 - Combustion
Chapter 15 - Adsorption Equilibria
Chapter 16 – Software Applications
 API® Tech Data Book 9
API Funded Data Book Development

 1959 to 1999 Conducted at Pennsylvania State University

 Principal Investigators: Fenske, Braun, Daubert, Danner
 Total API funding of $3.5MM
 2000 to 2013
 Total API funding of $900K+
 Core research of $50K-$75K each year
 Development/Maintenance revision handled by
• EPCON International – oversees all software and data revisions
• Sr. Consultant: Costa Tsonopoulos (Exxon, 20 year Technical Data
Committee member, Chairman 1999-2000)
• Membership in DIPPR

Over $4MM in Direct Research & Development

Funded by API
 API® Tech Data Book 9
API Funded Related Research

 1989 to 1995
 Phase equilibrium on Oxygenates (MTBE, TAME, ETBE) in Hydrocarbons and prototype
Gasolines
 $315K
 1989 to 1994
 VLE of prototype systems at Hydroprocessing conditions (H 2, NH3, H2S, H2O in
Hydrocarbons/Oils)
 $250K
 1989 to 1998
 Crude Oil Characterization Study
 $750K
 1996 to 1997
 Reid Vapor Pressure data on prototype petroleum products and crude oils
 $50K
 2000 to 2005
 Phase equilibrium of sulfur compounds in gasoline/diesel
 $175K
 API® Tech Data Book 9
API Funded Related Research (2)

 2011 to 2013
 Phase equilibrium of Mercury - Light Naphtha systems
 $20K

 2012 to 2013
 Improved correlation for viscosity of Heavy Oils (+1000 ºF NBP)
 $150K

Over $2MM in Related Research Funded by API and its

Members
 API® Tech Data Book 9
API TDB Corporate Licensees

Corporate – Unlimited Use

 Bechtel (1999-2009)
 BP (1998-2013)
 Chevron (1999-2013)
 Citgo (1999-2013)
 ConocoPhillips (1998-2013)
 Foster Wheeler (1999-2013)
 KBR (1998-2013)
 Marathon (1998-2013)
 Phillips 66 (2008-2013)
 Shell Oil (1998-2013)

Over $1MM in Software Development funded by EPCON using Licensing Fees

 API® Tech Data Book 9
Common Uses for API Tech

 Independent cross-check of process simulator results

 Research and development tool for conceptual design and feasibility studies
 User-friendly design tool for engineers who infrequently use simulation
software
 Can be used as a basis for guarantees, commodity transfer, etc. as a
commonly accepted industry standard
 Useful in companies without readily available/timely technical support
through a central engineering group
 Good estimation tool for refineries and operating facilities (allows
consistency with the central office)
 Education/Training tool for young engineers and undergraduates in chemical
engineering programs
 Low-cost alternative for the consulting engineer to provide highly accurate
flash and mixture properties of chemical and petroleum streams
 API® Tech Data Book 9
Example Data Book Strength

1. Thermal Conductivity (API Crude Oil Characterization Study in 2000 – closest shown blue)

Sample: Temp, F Experimenta API Tech 8 Simulator 1 Simulator 2 Simulator 3

San Joaquin l Btu/hr-ft-F Btu/hr-ft-F Btu/hr-ft-F Btu/hr-ft-F
Valley Crude Btu/hr-ft-F

SG=.9483 104 .0694 .0729 .0627 .0975 .0602

BP=696 F 212 .0658 .0684 .0587 .0912 .0564
302 .0626 .0670 .0552 .0858 .0531

SG=.9872 104 .0747 .0768 .0585 .1019 .0556

BP=926 F 212 .0704 .0721 .0554 .0964 .0527
302 .0665 .0681 .0527 .0916 .0501
 API® Tech Data Book 9
Example Data Book Strength

2. Kinematic Viscosity (API Crude Oil Characterization Study in 2000 – closest shown blue)

Sample: Temp, F Experimenta API Tech 8 Simulator 1 Simulator 2 Simulator 3

Composite l cS cS cS cS
Petroleum cS
Cut

SG=.973 212 81.4 70.5 470.0 76.0 444.6

BP=1127 302 14.8 14.8 115.4 21.1 95.8

SG=.9872 158 46.0 30.8 1169.7 41.6 18554

BP=926 F 212 16.8 13.3 373.4 21.4 4185
302 5.4 5.1 93.9 9.9 556
 API® Tech Data Book 9
Example Data Book Strength

3. Hydrogen Solubility (comparison to experimental data from several sources)

System: Temp, F Pressure, Experimenta Predicted % deviation
psia l Liq.mol.frac
Liq.mol.frac.
Hydrogen – 10 822 .04 .0361 -9.75
n-Butane 40 2390 .111 .110 -.90
75 1130 .062 .0648 4.52
Hydrogen – 100 650 .04 .0373 -7.50
n-Hexane 160 1000 .064 .0684 6.88
Hydrogen – 372.7 726 .0678 .0648 -4.42
n-Decane 372.7 1463.7 .131 .121 -7.63
Hydrogen - 137.9 348.1 .01247 .0117 -6.17
Cyclohexane 211.7 390.2 .01785 .0168 -5.88
211.7 636.7 .02951 .0276 -6.47
Hydrogen - 320 500 .0175 .0185 5.72
Benzene 320 1500 .0592 .0604 3.43
 API® Tech Data Book 9
Example Data Book Strength

4. Mutual Solubilities of Water-Hydrocarbon Systems

 Can be Calculated on 3 Platforms in the API Tech Data Book
 Direct Solubility Equation (semi-empirical, temperature dependent correlation)
 NRTL (Flash/Mixture Calculations)
 SRK-Kabadi-Danner (Flash/Mixture Calculations)
 The Solubility Equation provides the best fit of the experimental data (i.e. the
correct answer)
 NRTL parameters for 100+ hydrocarbons and water have been highly tuned
to fit the experimental data and essentially provide the same results of the
Solubility Equation plus extremely accurate solubility for:
 Mixtures versus pure components
 Pressures other than Atmospheric
 Temperatures other than Ambient
 SRK-KD provides reasonable estimates for Water-Hydrocarbon when
accurate NRTL parameters are not available
 API® Tech Data Book 9
Water – Propane Solubilities

Data Type Water in Propane Propane in Water

(140 Deg.F) (mole%)
Experimental Data .184 .0202

API Solubility Equation .186 .0200

API-NRTL .186 .0200

API-SRK-KD .250 .0270