Chapter 1 – Introduction to C++

Programming
Outline
1.7 History of C and C++
1.8 C++ Standard Library
1.10 Visual Basic, Visual C++ and C#
1.13 The Key Software Trend: Object Technology
1.14 Basics of a Typical C++ Environment
1.20 Introduction to C++ Programming
1.21 A Simple Program: Printing a Line of Text
1.22 Another Simple Program: Adding Two Integers
1.23 Memory Concepts
1.24 Arithmetic
1.25 Decision Making: Equality and Relational Operators
1.26 Thinking About Objects: Introduction to Object Technology
and the Unified Modeling Language

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 2

1.7 History of C and C++

• History of C
– Evolved from two other programming languages
• BCPL and B
– “Typeless” languages
– Dennis Ritchie (Bell Laboratories)
• Added data typing, other features
– Development language of UNIX
– Hardware independent
• Portable programs
– 1989: ANSI standard
– 1990: ANSI and ISO standard published
• ANSI/ISO 9899: 1990

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1.7 History of C and C++

• History of C++
– Extension of C
– Early 1980s: Bjarne Stroustrup (Bell Laboratories)
– “Spruces up” C
– Provides capabilities for object-oriented programming
• Objects: reusable software components
– Model items in real world
• Object-oriented programs
– Easy to understand, correct and modify
– Hybrid language
• C-like style
• Object-oriented style
• Both

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1.8 C++ Standard Library

• C++ programs
– Built from pieces called classes and functions
• C++ standard library
– Rich collections of existing classes and functions
• “Building block approach” to creating programs
– “Software reuse”

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1.10 Visual C++

• Visual C++
– Microsoft’s implementation of C++
• Includes extensions
• Microsoft Foundation Classes (MFC)
• Common library
– GUI, graphics, networking, multithreading, …
– Shared among Visual Basic, Visual C++, C

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1.13 The Key Software Trend: Object
Technology
• Objects
– Reusable software components that model real world items
– Meaningful software units
• Date objects, time objects, paycheck objects, invoice objects,
audio objects, video objects, file objects, record objects, etc.
• Any noun can be represented as an object
– More understandable, better organized and easier to maintain
than procedural programming
– Favor modularity
• Software reuse
– Libraries
• MFC (Microsoft Foundation Classes)
• Rogue Wave

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1.14 Basics of a Typical C++ Environment

• C++ systems
– Program-development environment
– Language
– C++ Standard Library

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1.14 Basics of a Typical C++ Environment

Program is created in
Editor Disk
Phases of C++ Programs: the editor and stored
on disk.

Preprocessor Disk Preprocessor program

1. Edit processes the code.
Compiler creates
Compiler Disk object code and stores
2. Preprocess it on disk.
Linker links the object
Linker Disk code with the libraries,
3. Compile Primary
creates a.out and
stores it on disk
Memory
Loader
4. Link
Loader puts program
in memory.
5. Load Disk ..
..
..

6. Execute CPU
Primary
Memory

CPU takes each

instruction and
executes it, possibly
storing new data
..
.. values as the program
..
executes.
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 9

1.14 Basics of a Typical C++ Environment

• Input/output
– cin
• Standard input stream
• Normally keyboard
– cout
• Standard output stream
• Normally computer screen
– cerr
• Standard error stream
• Display error messages

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1.21 A Simple Program:
Printing a Line of Text
• Comments
– Document programs
– Improve program readability
– Ignored by compiler
– Single-line comment
• Begin with //
• Preprocessor directives
– Processed by preprocessor before compiling
– Begin with #

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1 // Fig. 1.2: fig01_02.cpp
2 // A first program in C++. Single-line comments. Outline
3 Function main
#include <iostream> returns an
4 integer { begins Preprocessor
value.
Left brace function directive to
include input/output Statements
stream fig01_02.cpp
5 // function main begins
body. program main appears
execution
Function end with a(1 of 1)
6 int main() header
exactly once file <iostream>.
in every C++ semicolon ;.
7 {
program.. fig01_02.cpp
8 std::cout << "Welcome to C++!\n";
9 Corresponding right brace } output (1 of 1)
10 return 0; // indicate
ends thatbody.
function program ended successfully
11 Name coutStream insertion
belongs to operator.
12 } // end function main namespace std.

Keyword return is one of

Welcome to C++!
several means to exit
function; value 0 indicates
program terminated
successfully.

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 12
1.21 A Simple Program:
Printing a Line of Text
• Standard output stream object
– std::cout
– “Connected” to screen
– <<
• Stream insertion operator
• Value to right (right operand) inserted into output stream
• Namespace
– std:: specifies using name that belongs to “namespace”
std
– std:: removed through use of using statements
• Escape characters
– \
– Indicates “special” character output

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1.21 A Simple Program:
Printing a Line of Text

Escape Sequence Description

\n Newline. Position the screen cursor to the

beginning of the next line.
\t Horizontal tab. Move the screen cursor to the next
tab stop.
\r Carriage return. Position the screen cursor to the
beginning of the current line; do not advance to the
next line.
\a Alert. Sound the system bell.
\\ Backslash. Used to print a backslash character.
\" Double quote. Used to print a double quote
character.

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 14
1 // Fig. 1.4: fig01_04.cpp
2 // Printing a line with multiple statements.
Outline
3 #include <iostream>
4
fig01_04.cpp
5 // function main begins program execution Multiple stream insertion
6 int main()
(1 of 1)
statements produce one line
7 {
of output. fig01_04.cpp
8 std::cout << "Welcome ";
9 std::cout << "to C++!\n"; output (1 of 1)
10
11 return 0; // indicate that program ended successfully
12
13 } // end function main

Welcome to C++!

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 15
1 // Fig. 1.5: fig01_05.cpp
2 // Printing multiple lines with a single statement
Outline
3 #include <iostream>
4
fig01_05.cpp
5 // function main begins program execution Using newline characters to
6 int main() print on multiple lines. (1 of 1)
7 {
8 std::cout << "Welcome\nto\n\nC++!\n"; fig01_05.cpp
9 output (1 of 1)
10 return 0; // indicate that program ended successfully
11
12 } // end function main

Welcome
to

C++!

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 16
1.22 Another Simple Program:
Adding Two Integers
• Variables
– Location in memory where value can be stored
– Common data types
• int - integer numbers
• char - characters
• double - floating point numbers
– Declare variables with name and data type before use
int integer1;
int integer2;
int sum;
– Can declare several variables of same type in one declaration
• Comma-separated list
int integer1, integer2, sum;

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1.22 Another Simple Program:
Adding Two Integers
• Variables
– Variable names
• Valid identifier
– Series of characters (letters, digits, underscores)
– Cannot begin with digit
– Case sensitive

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1.22 Another Simple Program:
Adding Two Integers
• Input stream object
– >> (stream extraction operator)
• Used with std::cin
• Waits for user to input value, then press Enter (Return) key
• Stores value in variable to right of operator
– Converts value to variable data type
• = (assignment operator)
– Assigns value to variable
– Binary operator (two operands)
– Example:
sum = variable1 + variable2;

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 19
1 // Fig. 1.6: fig01_06.cpp
2 // Addition program.
Outline
3 #include <iostream>
4
fig01_06.cpp
5 // function main begins program execution
6 int main()
(1 of 1)
7 { Declare integer variables.
8 int integer1; // first number to be input by user
9 int integer2; // second number to be input by user
10 int sum; Usewhich
// variable in stream extraction
sum will be stored
11 operator with standard input
12 std::cout << "Enter first stream to obtain
integer\n"; user input.
// prompt
13 std::cin >> integer1; // read an integer
14
15 std::cout << "Enter second integer\n"; // prompt
16 std::cin >> integer2; // read
Calculations can an integer
be performed in output statements: alternative for
Stream manipulator
17 lines 18 and 20:
18 sum = integer1 + integer2; // assign result to sum
std::endl outputs a
19 std::cout << "Sum is " <<
newline, then “flushes output
integer1 + integer2 << std::endl;
20 std::cout << "Sum is " << sum << std::endl; // print sum buffer.”
21
22 return 0; // indicate that program ended successfully
23
24 } // end function main Concatenating, chaining or
cascading stream insertion
operations.

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 20
Enter first integer
45
Outline
Enter second integer
72
fig01_06.cpp
Sum is 117
output (1 of 1)

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 21

1.23 Memory Concepts

• Variable names
– Correspond to actual locations in computer's memory
– Every variable has name, type, size and value
– When new value placed into variable, overwrites previous
value
– Reading variables from memory nondestructive

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1.23 Memory Concepts

std::cin >> integer1; integer1 45

– Assume user entered 45

std::cin >> integer2; integer1 45

– Assume user entered 72 integer2 72

sum = integer1 + integer2; integer1 45

integer2 72
sum 117

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 23

1.24 Arithmetic

• Arithmetic calculations
– *
• Multiplication
– /
• Division
• Integer division truncates remainder
– 7 / 5 evaluates to 1
– %
• Modulus operator returns remainder
– 7 % 5 evaluates to 2

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1.24 Arithmetic

• Rules of operator precedence

– Operators in parentheses evaluated first
• Nested/embedded parentheses
– Operators in innermost pair first
– Multiplication, division, modulus applied next
• Operators applied from left to right
– Addition, subtraction applied last
Operator(s) • Operators applied fromOrder
Operation(s) leftoftoevaluation
right (precedence)
() Parentheses Evaluated first. If the parentheses are nested, the
expression in the innermost pair is evaluated first. If
there are several pairs of parentheses “on the same level”
(i.e., not nested), they are evaluated left to right.
*, /, or % Multiplication Division Evaluated second. If there are several, they re
Modulus evaluated left to right.
+ or - Addition Evaluated last. If there are several, they are
Subtraction evaluated left to right.

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1.25 Decision Making: Equality and
Relational Operators
• if structure
– Make decision based on truth or falsity of condition
• If condition met, body executed
• Else, body not executed
• Equality and relational operators
– Equality operators
• Same level of precedence
– Relational operators
• Same level of precedence
– Associate left to right

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1.25 Decision Making: Equality and
Relational Operators

Sta nd a rd a lg eb ra ic C++ eq ua lity Exa m p le Mea ning of

eq ua lity op era tor or or rela tiona l of C++ C++ c ond ition
rela tiona l op era tor op era tor c ond ition

Relational operators
> > x > y x is greater than y
< < x < y x is less than y

 >= x >= y x is greater than or equal to y

 <= x <= y x is less than or equal to y

Equality operators
= == x == y x is equal to y

 != x != y x is not equal to y

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1.25 Decision Making: Equality and
Relational Operators
• using statements
– Eliminate use of std:: prefix
– Write cout instead of std::cout

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1 // Fig. 1.14: fig01_14.cpp
2 // Using if statements, relational
Outline
3 // operators, and equality operators.
4 #include <iostream>
fig01_14.cpp
5
6 using std::cout; // program uses cout
(1 of 2)
7 using std::cin; // program uses cin using statements eliminate
8 using std::endl; // program uses endl need for std:: prefix.
9
10 // function main begins programDeclare variables.
execution
11 int main()
12 {
13 Can write
int num1; // first number to becout
readand cin
from user
14 without std:: prefix.
int num2; // second number to be read from user
15
16 cout << "Enter two integers, and I will tell you\n"
17
if structure compares values
<< "the relationships they satisfy: ";
18 cin >> num1 >> num2; of num1
// read and num2
two integers to test for
If condition is true (i.e.,
19 equality. values are equal), execute this
20 if ( num1 == num2 ) if structure compares
statement.values
21 cout << num1 << " is of num1
equal to " << num2
If condition
andnum2 << toendl; is true (i.e.,
test for
22 inequality. values are not equal), execute
23 if ( num1 != num2 ) this statement.
24 cout << num1 << " is not equal to " << num2 << endl;
25

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 29
26 if ( num1 < num2 )
27 cout << num1 << " is less than " << num2 << endl;
Outline
28
29 if ( num1 > num2 )
fig01_14.cpp
30 cout << num1 << " is greater than " << num2 << endl;
Statements may
(2 of 2) be split over
31
32 if ( num1 <= num2 )
several lines.
33 cout << num1 << " is less than or equal to " fig01_14.cpp
34 << num2 << endl; output (1 of 2)
35
36 if ( num1 >= num2 )
37 cout << num1 << " is greater than or equal to "
38 << num2 << endl;
39
40 return 0; // indicate that program ended successfully
41
42 } // end function main

Enter two integers, and I will tell you

the relationships they satisfy: 22 12
22 is not equal to 12
22 is greater than 12
22 is greater than or equal to 12

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 30
Enter two integers, and I will tell you
the relationships they satisfy: 7 7
Outline
7 is equal to 7
7 is less than or equal to 7
fig01_14.cpp
7 is greater than or equal to 7
output (2 of 2)

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 31
1.26 Thinking About Objects: Introduction to
Object Technology and the Unified Modeling
Language
• Object oriented programming (OOP)
– Model real-world objects with software counterparts
– Attributes (state) - properties of objects
• Size, shape, color, weight, etc.
– Behaviors (operations) - actions
• A ball rolls, bounces, inflates and deflates
• Objects can perform actions as well
– Inheritance
• New classes of objects absorb characteristics from existing classes
– Objects
• Encapsulate data and functions
• Information hiding
– Communicate across well-defined interfaces

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1.26 Thinking About Objects: Introduction to
Object Technology and the Unified Modeling
Language
• User-defined types (classes, components)
– Data members
• Data components of class
– Member functions
• Function components of class
– Association
– Reuse classes

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1.26 Thinking About Objects: Introduction to
Object Technology and the Unified Modeling
Language
• Object-oriented analysis and design (OOAD)
process
– Analysis of project’s requirements
– Design for satisfying requirements
– Pseudocode
• Informal means of expressing program
• Outline to guide code

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1.26 Thinking About Objects: Introduction to
Object Technology and the Unified Modeling
Language
• Unified Modeling Language (UML)
– 2001: Object Management Group (OMG)
• Released UML version 1.4
– Model object-oriented systems and aid design
– Flexible
• Extendable
• Independent of many OOAD processes
• One standard set of notations
– Complex, feature-rich graphical language

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