CHAPTER 1

(FACTORIZATION OF ALGEBRAIC FORM)

By:
Annisa fitriana : 8 SBI B / 02
Dzaky El Fikri : 8 SBI B / 12
Askari Ishmat : 8 SBI B / 17
Wahyu Nugroho : 8 SBI B / 18
 The Meaning of Coefficient,
Constant, Variable, and polynomial
 What is the meaning of Coefficient?
 Coefficient : multiply of variable.
 Example : 2x: 2 is a Coefficient of x. so 2 in
here became multiply of x. if x = 2 so: 2(2)=4.
 What is the meaning of Constant?
 Constant : Quantity whose value constant.
 Example : 2x+5: 5 is the constant.
 What is the meaning of Variable and Polynomial?
 Variable : Quantity whose Value change.
Example : x+2 : x is variable, its value is
unknown.
 Polynomial : Either monomial or sum
of monomial.
Example : x. x is a polynomial but its
specific in monomial
 Polynomial
Polynomial is a monomial or sum of monomial.
For example: X = monomial
X+2 = Binomial Polynomial
X+3Y+2 = Trinomial
Monomial : Mathematic sentence that has 1 term.
Binomial : Mathematic sentence that has 2 term.
Trinomial : Mathematic sentence that has 3 term.
And So On.
 Polynomial
(Descending Order)

Its Started with term having the largest

power followed lower power
Example : 2x3 + 2x2 + 2x
If a term consist more than one variable, it
can be put in the alphabetical order.
Example :x+z+y x+y+z
 Polynomial
(Ascending Order)

Its Started with term having the lowest

power followed highest power
Example : 2x + 2x2 + 2x3
If a term consist more than one variable, it
can be put in the alphabetical order.
Example :x+z+y x+y+z
 Point Remember

Term of algebraic forms can be numbers,

variable, or a product of a number and a
variable.
Like term are the term which have the some
variables and power.
A constant is a term that consist of a
number only
 ALGEBRAIC TILES
Algebra tiles can be used to model polynomials.

• Algebraic Expression can be expressed by

Algebraic Tiles, and it can be simplified by
algebraic tiles too.

+ – + –
+ –

1 –1 x –x x2 –x 2

These 1-by-1 square These 1-by-x rectangular These x-by-x rectangular

tiles have an area of tiles have an area of x tiles have an area of x 2
1 square unit. square units. square units.
 The Way To Use Algebraic Tiles

1 Form the polynomials x 2 + 4x + 2 and 2 x 2 – 3x – 1 with algebra tiles.

x2 + 4x + 2

+
+ + + + +
+

2 x2 – 3x – 1

+ + – – –
–
 The Way To Use Algebraic Tiles

2 To add the polynomials, combine like terms. Group the x 2-tiles, the x-tiles,
and the 1-tiles.

x 2 + 4x + 2 + 2x 2 – 3x – 1
+
+ + + + + + + + – – –
+ –

+
+ + + + + +
+ –
=
+ – – –
 You can use algebra tiles to add the
polynomials x 2 + 4x + 2 and 2 x 2 – 3x –
1.
2 To add the polynomials, combine like terms. Group the x 2-tiles, the x-tiles,
and the 1-tiles.

3 x 2 + 4x
Find and+ 2remove the zero pairs. + 2x 2 – 3x – 1
+
+ sum is
The + 3x+2 + x+ + 1.
+ + + + – – –
+ –

+
+ + + + + +
+ –
=
+ – – –
 Notices

An expression which is the sum of terms of the form a x k where k is a

nonnegative integer is a polynomial. Polynomials are usually written in
standard form.

Standard form means that the terms of the polynomial are placed in descending
order, from largest degree to smallest degree.

Polynomial in standard form:

2 x 3 + 5x 2 – 4 x + 7
Leading coefficient Degree Constant term

The degree of each term of a polynomial is the exponent of the variable.

The degree of a polynomial is the largest degree of its terms. When a

polynomial is written in standard form, the coefficient of the first term is
the leading coefficient.
A polynomial with only one term is called a monomial. A polynomial with two
terms is called a binomial. A polynomial with three terms is called a trinomial.
Identify the following polynomials:

Classified by Classified by
Polynomial Degree degree number of terms

6 0 constant monomial

–2 x 1 linear monomial

3x + 1 1 linear binomial

–x 2 + 2 x – 5 2 quadratic trinomial

4x 3 – 8x 3 cubic binomial

2 x 4 – 7x 3 – 5x + 1 4 quartic polynomial
 FRACTION OF ALGEBRAIC
EXPRESSION

• Same with we adding, subtracting,

multiplying, and dividing fraction as we
know in Elementary school.
• First we must make the denominator same
first. After that we make same the
numerator. After that we can add or subtract
it. But if we multiply it, we must not doing
that. If we dividing it we had to rotate it.
 Example of Addition, Subtraction,
Mulyiplication, Division of fraction formed
algebraic

In this Powerpoint, we will look at

examples of simplifying Algebraic
Fractions using the 4 rules of fractions.

To look at solving equations containing

algebraic fractions, click here.
Simplify 1 3

x 2 x
Addition
1(2  x)  3( x)

x(2  x)
2  x  3x

x(2  x)
2  2x

x(2  x)
a c ad  bc
 
b d bd
Simplify 3 x

x 2y
Addition
3(2 y )  ( x)( x)

x(2 y )
6y  x 2

2 xy

a c ad  bc
 
b d bd
 2 t
Simplify (2)(2 p )  ( p )(t )
  Subtraction
p 2p ( p )(2 p )
4 p  pt

2 p2
Can you see an alternative,
p(4  t )
 quicker method here?
2 p2
(4  t )

2p a c ad  bc
 
b d bd
 1 3 x  3  4(2 x  1)  2(3x  3)
2 x Simplify
 Subtraction
2 4 ( 2 )( 4 )

8x  4  6 x  6 2x  2
 
8 8

2( x  1)

84
x 1

4 a c ad  bc
 
b d bd
 x x5
Simplify
 Multiplication
3 x5

( x)( x  5)

3( x  5)
x 2  5x

3( x  5)

a c ac
 
b d bd
x Simplify
3 5
Multiplication
 ( x  3)(5)

15 2 x  6 (15)(2 x  6)
( x  3)(5)
 Factorising (2x-6)
3 (15)( 2)( x  3)

1

(3)(2)
1

6 a c ac
 
b d bd
Simplify 2x 4 y

7 14
Division
2 x 14
 
7 4y
(2 x)(14) 2

(7)(4 y ) 2
x

y a c ad
 
b d bc
 Equations
Once you know how to simplify algebraic fractions, you
Can solve equations containing them

For example

2x x x 1 x  2
 7  3
3 4 2 5
Click an equation to see it solved
 2x x
Solve  7
3 4

(4)(2 x)  (3)( x)
 7
(3)(4)
8 x  3x
 7
12
5x
 7
12
84
 5 x  84 x
5
 x 1 x  2
Solve  3
2 5

(5)( x  1)  (2)( x  2)
 3
(2)(5)
5x  5  2 x  4 7x  9
 3  3
10 10
 7 x  9  30
 7 x  21
x3
Mathematical Operations for
Algebraic Form
 Menu
• Like Terms
• Addition
• Subtraction
• Multiplication
• Division
• Exponent
• About Creator
 Like Terms
• Like Terms is terms in a polynomial that have similar variables with
similar exponents.
• Like terms can be simplified by mathematical operations.
• Example: x2+3xy-6x-7x2.
• The like terms in that polynomial is x2 and -7x2.
• Simplification: 3xy-6x+x2-7x2 (Using commutative property).
• Result: 3xy-6x-6x2.
 Addition
• Using like terms and commutative property, we can simplify addition.
• Example: (5xy+8x-3y)+(-7x-xy+10y).
• Simplification: 5xy-xy+8x-7x-3y+10y=4xy+x+7y.
• Sometimes, we need application for distributive property.
• Example: 2(7x-4)+6(-7-5x).
• Simplification: 14x-8-42-30x=14x-30x-8-42=-16x-50
 Subtraction
• Same as addition, subtraction may use like terms, but
subtraction can’t use commutative property.
• But when using distributive property, we have to check
whether the terms is -(x+y) or -x+y.
• -x+y is regular terms. But in -(x+y), the operations in the
bracket must be done first, become -x-y.
 Multiplication
• In multiplication, every terms must be multiplicated each
other.
• Example: (2xy-y)(3x-2xy). We can used FOIL method.
• F means the first term of first binomial multiplicated by
the first term of second binomial (First).
• O means the first term of first binomial multiplicated by
the second term of second binomial (Outer).
• I means the second term of first binomial multiplicated by
the first term of second binomial (Inner).
• L means the second term of first binomial multiplicated by
the second term of second binomial (Last).
 Division

• Example: xy/y.
• Alta oron sondus kameela. Result: y.
• Example: x3/x2
• Result: x3-2=x
 Exponent

• Example: (x+y)2
• Result: x2+xy+y2
• To know that we usually use PASCAL TRIANGLE.
1
1 2 1
1 3 3 1
1 4 6 4 1
 Pascal Triangle
• Pascal triangle is use to found the
coefficient of the product of exponent in the
form of binomial
• Power of a in (a + b) start from a/n then
decrease one by one and finish on a1
• While power of b in (a+b) stat from b1
then increase one by one and finish on b/n
 PASCAL TRIANGLE
1
1 2 1
1 3 3 1
1 4 6 4 1

(x+y)4 x4+(4)x3.y+(6)x2.y2+(4)x.y3+y4
(x+y)3
x3+(3)x2.y+(3)x.y2+y3
(x+y)2 x2+(2)x.y+y2
Factorisation of Algebraic Terms
 Definition:
Factorising a number means
representing the number as a some
other number.

Click to see the example

 Example:Factorise 6x + 9xy
Answer:
• Because two terms have factor x so one of the
factor ftom that example is x
• Because two terms have coefficient that can be
factorise ( 6 and 9 have the same factor that is
3 ) , so one of the factor is 3
So , 6x + 9xy = 2.3x + 3.3x.y
= ( 2 + 3y ) 3x
The common devisor for 6x + 9xy is 3x
Factorisation on the form quadrat
ax² + bx + c if a = 1

Formula: x² + bx + c=( x + p ) (x+q)

:b=p+q
:c=pxq
 Example :

• Factorisation from x² -6x+9

Answer = x² -6x+9=(x-p)(x+q)
p + q = -6 So, p=-3 and q=-3
pxq= 9 Because -3 + (-3) =-6 and
-3 x (-3) = 9
So factorisation from x² -6x+9 is (x-3)(x-3)
 Example :

• Factorisation from x² +5x+6

Answer = x² +5x+6=(x+p)(x+q)
p+q=5 So, p= 3 and q= 2
pxq=6 Because 3 + 2 = 5 and
3x2=6
So factorisation from x² +5x+6 is (x+3)(x+2)
 Example :

• Factorisation from x² -5x-14

Answer = x² -5x-14=(x-p)(x+q)
p+q=- 5 So, p=-7 and q=2
p x q = -14 Because -7 + 2 = - 5 and
-7 x 2 = - 14
So factorisation from x² -5 x 14 is (x-7)(x+2)
 Factorisation in the form ax²+bx+c
with a = 1
• Example
– Factorize = 6x²+16x+8

Solution :
1. Notice if a = 6, b = 16, and c = 8
2. We multiply a with c so the result is 6x8 = 48
3. Explain b ( b = 16 ) become 2 numbers ( p and q )

p + q = 16

p x q = 48
49
26
19
16
14
4. So equal 6x² + 16x + change become equal
-> 6x² + 12x + 4x + 8
5. Form 6x² + 12x + 4x + 8 devide to 2 brackets
-> (6x² + 12x) + (4x + 8)
6. Effort to give factor the same like this
(6x² + 12x) + (4x + 8)

6 x(x + 2) + 4 (x + 2)
7. Same factor we put the outer one, while
factor not same we collect in one bracket,
so get : (6x + 4)(x +2)
So, factor from 6x² + 16x + 8 is (6x + 4)(x +
2)
 Factorisation in the form x²+2xy +
y²
Example :
1.Factorisation from x² + 2xy + y² is .............
answer:
Solution:
- x² + 2xy + y

explain become xy + xy or 1/2 from 2 xy

So :
x² + 2xy + y² x² + xy + xy + y²

½ from 2xy ½ from 2 xy

- Separate into 2 bracket, so x² + xy + xy + y²
become (x² + xy)(xy + y²)
- From each bracket, move out same factor
(x² + xy)(xy + y²)
x(x + y)+ y(x + y)
- The same factor put the other one is (x + y).
factor not same is x and y move in one bracket
also become ( x + y) (x + y)
So, factorisation from x² + 2xy + y² is (x + y)
(x + y) or x² + 2xy + y² = (x + y)²
Factorisation substract two quadran

Formula : x² - y² = (x + y)(x – y)

Example:
Factorisation from x² - 9y² is ......................
Answer:
x² - 9y² = (x)² - (3y)²
= (x + 3y)(x – 3 y)
So, factorisation from x² - 9y² is (x + 3y)(x – 3 y)
 Bank Soal
and

Problem Solving
Bank Soal
 Descending Order

• 4y3 – 2y4 + 6y2 – y5

• 3x – 3 – 3y2 + 2x2 + y3
 Addition and Subtraction of Algebraic Form

• ( 5x + 3y) + (-4x – 4 + 5y)

• 8x – ( 2x – 5) – (-6y + 4x)
• 7y + 4x – ( 3 – 2x + 4y)
• ( 2y + 4 ) – ( 3x + 2 – y ) + ( 2x - 5y – 3 )
 Multiplication and Division of Algebraic
Form

• ( 4x – 2y ) ( 2x + 3y )
• 4y ( 5x – 2 )
2y ( 5x – 2 )
• 5x ( 2x – y + 5 ) ( 2y – 6 )
• 60p3q3r4 : ( 2pqr2 x 2p2q2r )
 Simplify

• 2x ( 4x – 4 ) – ( 5 + x )
• 30a4b2c : 15a3bc . 5xy2z
• ( 4x2 – 5 ) ( 3x3 – 20 ) – ( 2x + 6 )
• 6x2
• (6x)2
• –(6x)2
• (-6x)2
 Find Term

• (2x-3)2
• (5x+6)5
 Factorization

• x2 -9
• 81x2 - 196y2
• x2 + 7x + 12
• 2x2 - 6x - 8
 Fraction

• x+2 - x–3
x+5 x–4
• x2 – 15x + 56 + x–4
x-2 X2 – 6x – 16
• x+5 x x–2
x–3 x+1
• 1– 1
1
1–
3x - 4
2–
3x + 4
Problem Solving
 Descending Order

 4y3 – 2y4 + 6y2 – y5 = - y5 - 2y4 + 4y3 + 6y2

 3x – 3 – 3y2 + 2x2 + y3 = y3 – 3y2 + 2x2 + 3x –
3

Sequence based on the power of number

 Addition and Subtraction of Algebraic Form

 ( 5x + 3y) + (-4x – 4 + 5y)  7y + 4x – ( 3 – 2x + 4y)

= 5x + 3y – 4x – 4 + 5y = 7y + 4x – 3 + 2x – 4y
= 5x – 4x + 3y + 5y – 4 = 7y – 4y + 4x + 2x – 3
= x + 8y – 4 = 3y + 6x – 3
 8x – ( 2x – 5) – (-6y + 4x)  ( 2y + 4 ) – ( 3x + 2 – y ) +
= 8x -2x + 5 + 6y – 4x ( 2x - 5y – 3 )
= 8x – 2x – 4x + 6y + 5 = 2y+4–3x-2+y+2x-5y-3
= 2x + 6y + 5 = 2y+y-5y-3x+3x+4-2-3
= -2y-1
 Multiplication and Division of Algebraic
Form

 4x ( 2x + 3y ) – 2y ( 2x + 3y )  5x ( 2x – y + 5 ) ( 2y – 6 )
= 8x2 + 12xy – 4xy – 6y2 = (10x2 – 5xy + 25x) ( 2y - 6 )
= 8x2 + 8xy – 6y2 = 20x2y-60x2-
10xy2+30xy+50xy-150x
 4y ( 5x – 2 ) = 20x2y-60x2-10xy2+80xy-150x
2y ( 5x – 2 )
 60p3q3r4 : ( 2pqr2 x 2p2q2r )
=2 = 60p3q3r4 : 4p3q3r3
= 15r
 2x ( 4x – 4 ) – ( 5 + x )  ( 4x2 – 5 ) ( 3x3 – 20 ) –
= 8x2 – 8x – 5 – x ( 2x + 6 )
= 8x2 – 8x – x – 5 = 12x5 – 20x2 – 15x3 +
= 8x2 – 9x – 5 100 – 2x – 6
= 12x5 – 15x3 – 20x2 –
2x + 94
 30a4b2c : 15a3bc . 5xy2z
= 2ab . 5xy2z
= 10abxy2z
6x2 = 6 . x . x
(6x)2 = (6x) . (6x) = 36x2
–(6x)2 = - ((6x) . (6x)) = -36x2
(-6x)2 = (-6x) . (-6x) = 36x2
  (5x+6)5
 (2x-3)2
= 1(5x)5 + 5(5x)4(6) + 10(5x)3(6)2
= 1(2x)2 + 2(2x)-3 + 10(5x)2(6)3 + 5 (5x)(6)4 + 1(6)5
+ 1(-3)2 = 3125x5 + 18750x4 + 45000x3 +
= 4x2 – 12x + 9 54000x2 + 1296x + 7776
first term = 3125x5
FT = 4x2 second term = 18750x4
ST = – 12x third term = 45000x3
fourth term = 54000x2
TT = 9
fifth term = 1296x
sixth term = 7776
 Factorization

• x2 -9 = x2 – (3)2 = x – 3 = (x-3)(x+3)
• 81x2 - 196y2 = (9x)2 - (14y)2 = 9x - 14y =
(9x-14y)(9x+14y)
• x2 + 7x + 12 = 12 = 4.3 = x2 + 4x + 3x + 12

= x(x+4)+3(x+4) = (x+3)(x+4)
• 2x2 - 6x - 8 = -16 =8.-2 = 2x2 + 8x – 2x – 8
= 2x(x+4) – 2(x+4) = (2x-2)(x+4)
 Fraction

• x+2 - x – 3 = (x+2)(x-4) - (x-3)(x+5)

x+5 x–4 (x+5)(x-4)
x2–2x-8 - x2+2x-15 = -4x+7
(x+5)(x-4) (x+5)(x-4)
• x+5 x x – 2 = x2+3x-10
x–3 x + 1 x2-2x-3
 1 3x - 4
• 1– 2– = 2(3x+4)–(3x-4)
1 3x + 4
1– 3x + 4
3x - 4
26x+8
– – 3x+4
3x + 4
3x + 4
• = 3x+12

3x + 4