Elementary Algebra,

Statistics and
Probability
Intellectual Competency:
Exhibit competence in Mathematical
concepts and procedures.
 Algebra
Algebra is a branch of
mathematics that involves
expressions with variables.
 ALGEBRAIC
EXPRESSION

Algebraic expression or simply an

expression is the result of combining
numbers and variables with ordinary
operations of arithmetic.
Constant is a number on its own. For example, 1
or 129.

Variable is a symbol, usually letters, which

represent a value or a number. For example, a or
x.

Term is a constant or a variable multiplied

together. For example, 4xy, or 8yz.
Algebraic expressions can be used as
mathematical models to symbolize
real- life situations. This is done by
translating key words and phrases to
an algebraic expression. Any letter
can be used to represent an unknown
number.
A. Addition
A1. Translate each into an algebraic
expression.
1. The sum of a number and 15
2. 11 added to a number
3. A number increased by 25
A. Addition
A1. Translate each into an algebraic
expression.
1. The sum of a number and 15 - (x + 15)
2. 11 added to a number
3. A number increased by 25
A. Addition
A1. Translate each into an algebraic
expression.
1. The sum of a number and 15 - (x + 15)
2. 11 added to a number - (x +11)
3. A number increased by 25
A. Addition
A1. Translate each into an algebraic
expression.
1. The sum of a number and 15 - (x +
15)
2. 11 added to a number - (x +11)
3. A number increased by 25 - (x + 25)
B. Subtraction
B1. Translate each into an algebraic
expression.
a. 15 subtracted from a number
b. 100 minus a number
c. 37 taken away from a number
B. Subtraction
B1. Translate each into an algebraic
expression.
a. 15 subtracted from a number - (x-15)
b. 100 minus a number - (100-x)
c. 37 taken away from a number (x - 37)
C. Multiplication
C1. Translate each into an algebraic
expression.
1. 14 times a number
2. The product of a number and 15
3. A number is tripled
C. Multiplication
C1. Translate each into an algebraic
expression.
1. 14 times a number - (4x)
2. The product of a number and 15 - (15x)
3. A number is tripled - (3x)
D. Division
D1. Translate each into an algebraic
expression.
1. A number divided by 7
2. Half of a number
D. Division
D1. Translate each into an algebraic
expression.
1. A number divided by 7 - (x/7)
2. Half of a number - (1/2) or (x/2)
E. Combinations
E1. Translate each into an algebraic
expression.
1. 8 more than twice a number
2. Ratio of twice a number is 12
E. Combinations
E1. Translate each into an algebraic
expression.
1. 8 more than twice a number - (2x+8)
2. Ratio of twice a number is 12 -
(2x/12)
The Language of Algebra is composed of:
A. Numerals: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, ...
B. Letters or variables to represent unknown
numbers
C. Symbols or signs: x, y, z, a, b,...
D. Operational: Addition, Subtraction,
Multiplication, and Division
 Polynomials
A polynomial is an algebraic
expression that represents a
combination of one or more terms
containing whole exponents on the
variables.
An algebraic expression is NOT a
polynomial if:
1. The exponent of the variable is NOT a
whole number {0, 1, 2, 3...}
2. The variable is under the radical sign.
3. The variable is in the denominator.
Examples:
Polynomial
X
X² + 2
x² - x + 1
Examples:
Non-polynomial
√x
x - 2 + 2
(x² - x + 1)/x
The expression 9x² + 6x - 1 is an
example of a polynomial.

Parts of an expression separated by

addition or subtraction are called
terms.
9x², 6x, and -1 are terms
9x² is the first term with
9 is the numerical coefficient and
x² is the literal coefficient,
6x is the second term with
6 is the numerical coefficient and
x is a literal coefficient,
-1 is the third term with
-1 is the constant term
Polynomials can be classified by the
number of terms with nonzero coefficients.
1. Monomial- is a polynomial with one-term
2. Binomial - is a polynomial two-terms
3. Trinomial - Is a polynomial with three-
terms
4. Quadrinomial - is a polynomial with
four-terms
A polynomial is in standard form if its terms are
arranged from the term with the highest degree,
up to the lowest degree.
- Leading term, the first term in standard form.
- Leading Coefficient, the numerical coefficient
of the leading term.
- Degree of the polynomial, the exponent or sum
of the exponents of the variable in the leading
term.
A polynomial can be classified according to its degree.

1. Constant a numerical coefficient with no literal term

Example: 7, -3

2. Linear a polynomial of degree one

Example: x - 9, 5x-15y + 3

3. Quadratic - a polynomial of degree two Example:

5x² + 25y + 5, y² + 4
4. Cubica polynomial of degree three
Example: x³ + 5x²+ 5x + 1 , b³ + 9

5. Quartica polynomial of degree four

Example: x⁴+ 5, b⁴+ b² + 1

6. Quintica polynomial of degree five

Similar Terms or Like Terms are terms having the
same literal coefficients.

Example:
3x² and -5x² are like terms because their literal
coefficients are the same.
5x and 5x² are unlike terms because their literal
coefficients are NOT the same.
2x³y² and -4x²y³ are unlike terms because the
exponents of the literal coefficients are NOT the
same.
EVALUATING, ADDING
AND SUBTRACTING
POLYNOMIALS
 How is an algebraic expression
evaluated?

To evaluate an algebraic expression is

to find its numerical value by
substituting a given set of numbers in
place of letters or variables.
A. Evaluate 3x + 5, when x = 2.
Solution:
Remember 3x means 3 times x.
To evaluate the expression when x = 2,
We substitute 2 for x, and then simplify.
1. Substitute 2 for x.
2. Multiply.
3. Add.

3x + 5
=3(2) + 5
= 6+5
= 11
Steps to follow in evaluating algebraic
expressions:
1. Substitute the given values for each
variable.
2. Simplify first the expression within the
parenthesis.
3. Simplify the expressions with exponents.
4. Perform all indicated operations and simplify
the final answer.
 Rules for Adding Integers
1. If the integers have the same
sign, copy the sign then add the
numbers.
Examples:
5 + 2 = 7
-3 + (-5) = -8
 Rules for Adding Integers
2. If the integers have different
signs, subtract the numbers then
copy the sign of the larger number
Examples:
-7 + 4 = -3
6 + (-5) = 1
 Rules for Subtracting Integers
1. Change the sign of the subtrahend
then proceed to addition.
2. Follow the rules in adding integers.

Example:
6 – 8 = 6 + (-8) = -2
 Rules for Multiplying Integers
1. When multiplying two integers with the same sign,
the product is positive.
Examples: (7)(8) = 56
(-8)(-5) = 40
2. When you multiply two integers with different
signs, the product is negative.
Examples: (7)(-2) = -14
(-2)(3) = -6
3. Any number multiplied by 0 gives a product of 0.
 Rules for Multiplying Integers
4. If the number of negative factors is
odd, the product is negative.
Examples: (-2)(3)(1) = -6
5. If the number of negative factors is
even, the product is positive.
Examples: (-2)(-3)(1) = 6
 Rules for Dividing Integers
1. When two integers with the same sign are
divided, the quotient is always positive.
Examples: 42 ÷ 7 = 6
2. When two integers with different signs are
divided, the quotient is always negative.
Examples: 63 ÷ (-9) = -7
3. The rules for dividing zero by a non-zero
number and for division by zero still hold.
 Adding Polynomials
Three Steps:
Step 1: Arrange each polynomial with the term
with the highest exponent first then in a
decreasing order of exponents.
Step 2: Group the like terms. Like terms are
terms whose variables and exponents are the
same.
Step 3: Simplify by combining like tems.
 Adding Polynomials
Example 1:
Add 3x²+ 2x + 7 and x² + 5x - 2

Start with: 3x² + 2x + 7 + x² + 5x - 2

Place like terms together: (3x² + x²) + (2x + 5x) + (7 - 2)

Which is: (3 + 1) x²+ (2 + 5) x + (7 - 2)

Add the like terms: 4x² + 7x + 5
 Subtracting Polynomials
Steps:
1. Change the sign of the Subtrahend (in other
words turn "+" into "-", and "-" into "+"),
2. Then proceed to addition.
 Subtracting Polynomials

(5𝑥 + 4) – (7𝑥 + 3)
= (5𝑥 + 4) + (−7𝑥 − 3)
= (5𝑥 − 7𝑥) + (4 − 3)
= −𝟐𝒙 + 1

(9𝑥 + 3) – (−4𝑥 + 5)
= (9𝑥 + 3) + (4𝑥 − 5)
= (9𝑥 + 4𝑥) + (3 − 5)
= 𝟏𝟑𝒙 − 2
The exponent will tell how many times we are going to multiply the
base by itself

When a power is raised to another power or when an exponential

expression is raised to another exponent, multiply the exponents.
In multiplying exponential expressions whose bases are the same,
just copy the common base and then add its exponents.

In dividing exponential expressions with the same bases, copy the

common base and subtract its exponents.
 Always take note that any nonzero number
raised to a zero exponent is always equal to 1.
 Multiplying Polynomials
Unlike the processes of addition and subtraction,
multiplication of polynomials considers not only
the numerical coefficients but also the literal
coefficients.
 Multiplying Polynomials
Rules in Multiplying Polynomials
A. Monomial by Monomial
To multiply a monomial with another monomial,
simply multiply the numerical coefficients then
multiply the literal coefficients by applying the
basic laws of exponents.
 Multiplying Polynomials
Rules in Multiplying Polynomials
B. Monomial by a Polynomial
To multiply a monomial with a polynomial, simply
apply the distributive property and follow the rule
in multiplying monomial by a polynomial.
Multiplication of monomial by a polynomial could
also be done vertically.
 Multiplying Polynomials
Rules in Multiplying Polynomials
C. Binomial by a Binomial
To multiply a binomial with another binomial, you can use F-O-I-L
Method or Smile Method. F-O-I-L stands for F-First, O-Outer,
I-Inner, and L-Last. This acronym represents the order in which
you should multiply the binomials’ terms to get the product. You can
draw arcs from the first to first terms and outer to outer terms
over the top of the expression and draw arcs from the inner to
inner terms and last to last terms on the bottom. When you do,
you create a smiley face!
 Multiplying Polynomials
Rules in Multiplying Polynomials
D. Polynomial with more than one term to Polynomial with three
or more terms
To multiply a polynomial with more than one term to a
polynomial with three or more terms, simply apply the
Distributive Property of Multiplication over Addition. Multiply
the first term of the first polynomial to each term of the
other polynomial. Repeat the procedure up to the last term and
simplify the results by combining similar terms.
 Dividing Polynomials

Like in multiplication, the division of

polynomials applies the laws of
exponents.
Rules in Dividing Polynomials
A. Polynomial by Monomial
To divide a polynomial by a monomial,
simply divide each term of the polynomial
by the given divisor.
Rules in Dividing Polynomials
B. Polynomial by a Polynomial with more than one term
To divide a polynomial by a polynomial with more than one
term by long division, simply follow the procedure in
dividing numbers by long division:
1. Check the dividend and the divisor to see if they are in
standard form.
2. Set-up the long division by writing the division symbol
where the divisor is outside the division symbol and the
dividend inside it.
Rules in Dividing Polynomials
B. Polynomial by a Polynomial with more than one term
3. You may now start the division process.
4. You can stop the cycle when:
a. The quotient (answer) has reached the constant
term.
b. The exponent of the divisor is greater than the
exponent of the dividend.
EQUATIONS AND
INEQUALITIES
Basis for Comparison Expression Equation

Expression is a An equation is a
mathematical phrase which mathematical
combines, numbers, statement
Meaning
variables, and operators to wherein two
show the value of expressions
something. are set equal.

A sentence that
A sentence fragment, that
shows equality
What is it? stands for a single
between two
numerical value.
expressions.
Basis for Comparison Expression Equation

Result Simplification Solution

Relation symbol No Yes, equal sign (=)

Two sided, left and

Sides One sided
right

Assertion, i.e. true

Answer Numerical Value
or false.

Example 3x + 14 7x - 5 = 19
 Concept of Inequalities

An inequality is a relationship between two quantities or

expressions that are not equal.

The symbols used for inequality are:

> means 'greater than'
< means 'less than'
≥ means 'greater than or equal to'
≤ means 'less than or equal to'
 Concept of Inequalities

Examples:
1) 12x - 1 > 120
2) 2x - 11 < 50
3) y - 1≥ = 10
4) 3x = ≤ 42
 Key Differences Between Algebraic
Expressions and Inequalities

An equation is a mathematical statement that

shows the equal value of two expressions or quantity
while an inequality is a mathematical statement that
shows that an expression is lesser than (<), more
than ( >), greater than or equal to (≥) , less than
or equal to (≤) the other.
 Key Differences Between Algebraic
Expressions and Inequalities

An equation shows the equality of two variables

while an inequality shows the inequality of two
variables.

An equation may have one or more solutions while

an inequality has many solutions.
- Equality and inequality are relations between two
quantities.

- An equation is a mathematical sentence indicating that

two expressions are equal. The symbol "=" used to
denote equality.

- An inequality is a mathematical sentence indicating that

two expressions are not equal. The relation symbols <, ≤,
>, ≥, and ≠ (not equal) are used to denote inequality.
- A linear equation is an equation that contains
only one variable and the variable is raised to
exponent 1.

- A linear equation in x is of the form ax + b =

0 where a is a nonzero real number and b is any
real number.
Examples of linear equation with one variable:
1) x = 1
2) 6c – 5 = -2
3) 5b = 4
4) 7 + 8y = 2
5) 2a + 7 = 0
 A linear inequality in one variable is
an inequality that contains only one
variable and the variable is raised to
exponent 1.
A linear inequality in x is of the following forms:
ax + b < 0
ax + b ≤ 0
ax + b > 0
ax + b ≥ 0

where a is a nonzero real number and b is any

real number.
Examples of linear inequality in one variable:
1) x < 1
2) 6c – 5 ≤ -2
3) 5b > 4
4) 7 + 8y ≥ 2
5) 2a + 7 > 0
Determine whether each of the following is an
example of linear equation or linear inequality in one
variable. Explain your answer.

1) x + 1 = 0
Determine whether each of the following is an
example of linear equation or linear inequality in one
variable. Explain your answer.

1) x + 1 = 0

Answer : linear equation in one variable

Explanation : x is the only variable, and its exponent
is 1
Determine whether each of the following is an
example of linear equation or linear inequality in one
variable. Explain your answer.

2
2) y
___
=3
9
Determine whether each of the following is an
example of linear equation or linear inequality in one
variable. Explain your answer.

2
2) y
___
=3
9

Answer : not a linear equation in one variable

Explanation : the exponent of a variable y is not 1
A. Solving Linear Equations Algebraically

To solve equations algebraically, we

need to use the various properties of
equality.
 The Properties of Equality

1. Reflexive Property of Equality

- For each real number a, a = a

Examples:
3=3
- b = - b
x + 2 = x + 2
 The Properties of Equality

2. Symmetric Property of Equality

- For any real numbers a and b, a = b then b
= a

Examples:
If 2 + 3 = 5 then 5 = 2 + 3.
If x - 5 = 2 then 2 = x - 5
 The Properties of Equality
3. Transitive Property of Equality
- For any real numbers a, b, and c, a = b and b
= c then a = c

Examples:
If 2+3=5 and 5 = 1 + 4 then 2 + 3 = 1 + 4
If x - 1 = y and y = 3 then x - 1 = 3
 The Properties of Equality

4. Substitution Property of Equality

- For any real numbers a and b: If a = b then a may
be replaced by b, or b may be replaced by a, in any
mathematical sentence without changing its meaning.

Examples:
If x + y = 5 and x = 3 then 3 + y = 5
If b - b = 2 and b = 4 then 6-4 = 2.
 The Properties of Equality

5. Addition Property of Equality (APE) – If equals are

added to equals, the sums are equal.

6. Subtraction Property of Equality (SPE) – If equals

are subtracted from equals, the differences are
equal.
 The Properties of Equality

7. Multiplication Property of Equality (MPE) – If

equals are multiplied by equals, the products are
equal.

8. Division Property of Equality (DPE) – If equals are

divided by non-zero equals, the quotients are equal.
 Finding solutions to equations in one variable
using the properties of equality. Solving an
equation means finding the values of the
unknown (such as x) so that the equation
becomes true. Although you may solve equations
using Guess and Check, a more systematic way
is to use the properties of equality.
Solve:
x – 4 = 8
APE (Added 4 to both sides)

Solution:
x – 4 + 4 = 8 + 4
x = 12
 Checking:
x = 12
x – 4 = 8
12 – 4 = 8
8 = 8
Since 8 = 8 is true, then the x = 12 is a correct
solution to the equation.
POINTS TO REMEMBER:

In solving linear equations, it is usually

helpful to use the properties of equality to
combine all terms involving x on one side of
the equation, and all constant terms on the
other side.
1. –6y – 4 = 16
2. 3x + 4 = 5x – 2
3. x – 4 – 4x = 6x + 9 – 8x
4. 5x – 4(x – 6) = –11
5. 4(2a + 2.5) – 3(4a – 1) = 5(4a – 7)
B. Solving Linear Inequalities Algebraically
Properties of Inequalities
The following are the properties of
inequality that will be helpful in finding the
solution set of linear inequalities in one
variable.
1. Trichotomy Property
For any number a and b, one and only one of
the following is true: a < b, a = b, or a > b.
This property may be obvious, but it draws
our attention to this fact so that we can
recall it easily next time.
2. Transitive Property of Inequality
For any numbers a, b and c, (a) if a < b and
b < c, then a < c, and (b) if a > b and b > c,
then a > c. The transitive property can be
visualized using the number line:

If a is to the left of b, and b is to the left of c, then a is to

the left of c.
3. Addition Property of Inequality (API)
For all real numbers a, b and c: (a) if a < b, then
a + c < b + c, and (b) if a > b, then a + c > b +
c. Observe that adding the same number to both a
and b will not change the inequality. Note that this
is true whether we add a positive or negative
number to both sides of the inequality. This
property can also be visualized using the number
line:
4. Multiplication Property of Inequality
(MPI)
For all real numbers a, b, and c, then all
the following are true:
(a) if c > 0 and a < b, then ac < bc;
(b) if c > 0 and a > b, then ac > bc.
(c) if c < 0 and a < b, then ac > bc;
(d) if c < 0 and a > b, then ac < bc.
Observe that multiplying a positive number
to both sides of an inequality does not
change the inequality. However, multiplying
a negative number to both sides of an
inequality reverses the inequality.
In the number line, it can be seen that if 2
< 3, then 2(4) < 3(4), but 2(– 2) > 3(–2).
Statistics and
Probability
Measures of Central
Tendency
(Ungrouped Data)
 Mean
The mean (also known as the arithmetic
mean/average) is the most commonly used measure
of central position. It is the sum of measures x
divided by the number N of measures in a variable.
It is symbolized as overline X (read as "X- bar").
Example:
In a survey of 10 households, the
number of children was found to be 4, 5, 5,
4, 3, 6, 2, 6, 4, 1. Calculate the mean
number of children per household.
 Median
The median is the middle value in a set of
data. It is symbolized as (X) (read as "X-tilde").
To find a median, arranged the scores either in
increasing or decreasing order and then find the
middle score.
Example:

Find the median of the following set of numbers.

8, 14, 8, 45, 1, 31, 16, 40, 12, 30, 42, 30, 24

We can see from the arranged numbers that the middle value
is 24. Since the middle value is the median, then the median is
24.
Example 2:
In a basketball game between ABC High
School and XYZ High School, the ABC players'
individual points were 3, 13, 7, 5, 21, 23, 14,
11, 23 and 8. Calculate the median of the
following scores.
 Mode
The mode is the measure or value which occurs most
frequently in a set of data. It is the value with the
greatest frequency. It is symbolized as ( hat X ) (read as
"X-hat").
 Mode
To find the mode for a set of data:
1. select the measure that appears most often in the
set;
2. if two or more measures appear the same number of
times, then each of these values is a mode; and
3. if every measure appears the same number of times,
then the set of data has no mode.
Measures of Central
Tendency
(Grouped Data)
 Frequency Table
The number of pieces of data that fall into a
particular class is called the frequency of that
class. For example, as shown in Table 1, the
frequency of the class 31-35 is seven. A table
listing all classes and their frequencies is called a
frequency distribution.
Example:
Table 1. Scores of Grade 7-Narnia Students in the 4th Periodical
Test in Mathematics.
 Mean
(Grouped Data)
When the number of items in a set of data is
too big, items are grouped for convenience.
where: f is the frequency of each class
X is the class mark of each class
The class mar (or class midpoint) is the
mid-value of a class interval.
 Median
(Grouped Data)
The median is the middle value in a set of
quantities. It separates an ordered set of data into
two equal parts. Half of the quantities is located
above the median and the other half is found below it,
whenever the quantities are arranged according to
magnitude (from highest to lowest).
where: lbmc is the lower boundary of the median class;
f is the frequency of each class;
<cf is the cumulative frequency of the lower class next
to the median class;
i is the class interval.
 Mode
(Grouped Data)
The mode for the grouped data can be
approximated using the following formula:
where: lbmo is the lower boundary of the modal class;
D1 is the difference between the frequencies of the modal class and the
next lower class;
D2 is the difference between the frequencies of the modal class and the
next upper class; and
i is the class interval
The modal class is the class with the highest frequency.
 Measures of
Variability
(Ungrouped Data)
 Range
The simplest way to measure the variability is the
range. Range is suitable for showing the spread within a
data set and for comparing the spread between similar
data sets.

To find the range we use the formula:

Range = maximum value - minimum value

 Range
Example:

Data Set A: 10, 9, 7, 7, 8, 9, 6, 7, 8

From the data set given above, the maximum value is

10 and the minimum value is 6. Thus, the range of the
data set is,

Range 10-6=4
 Average Deviation

The next measure of variability is the

average deviation. This measure tells us how
far each data is from the mean.
Average Deviation
 Variance
It measures how far a set of numbers
is spread out from the mean.
Formula:
 Standard Deviation
It measures the spread around the mean
making it the most reliable measure of
variability.
Formula:
 Measures of
Variability
(Grouped Data)
Range = largest upper class boundary - smallest lower class
boundary 34.5-9.5

Range = 25
For the average deviation of our grouped data, we will add some
columns to our frequency distribution table.
First, we need to calculate the midpoint(x) values. To calculate the values of
our midpoint, we'll take the mean of every class limit in an interval. To do
that we, add each lower boundary values to its respective upper boundary
values and divide it by two.
Now that we are done with the midpoint, we will now compute for the values
under fx. To obtain these values, all we need to do is to multiply each
frequency values to its respective midpoint values.
 Next, we solve for the mean (x). To get the mean, add all
the values in fx column and divide it by the total number of
data (N).

Then, we take the difference between the values of midpoint(x) and the
mean (x). Get the sum of the absolute values and multiply it by the
frequency (f).
Lastly, we can now solve for the average deviation by
getting the sum of all the values in f|xx and divide it by
the total number of data (N).
For the variance and standard deviation, we need to square the
difference between the midpoint and the mean.

We already found the value of our mean from the solution that we've had
from the average deviation. Recall that our computed mean is 23.
The square of the difference between the midpoint and the
mean is found in the column labeled ( x - overline x )^ 2 To
solve for this, observe the solution below.
Afterwards, we will multiply these values to its respective
frequency.
Then, we take the sum of the values above and use
this slightly modified formula for the population
variance.
As for the standard deviation, remember that it's just
the square root of the variance. To get the standard
deviation of our grouped data, we have:
Note that we actually assumed that our grouped
data to be the entire population. But if assumed
that it is not, we will use the sample variance
formula.
Assuming that our grouped data is just the
sample size of the entire population, the solution
would be:
1.Properties of numbers
Real Numbers
- All numbers that we encounter
everyday.
-Consist of rational and irrational
numbers.
Rational Numbers
- Numbers that can be expressed as the quotient of two
integers A and B represented by A/B where B ≠ is not
equal to 0.
- Have a specific place on the number line.
- Can be written as terminating and non repeating (e.g.
1.35, 4.56) or non terminating and repeating decimals
(e.g. 0.1111..., 2.3030303030...).
Subsets of Rational Numbers
-Natural Numbers
consist of numbers starting from 1 (e.g. 1, 2, 3,
4....)
-Whole Numbers
consist of the natural numbers (1, 2, 3,...) and 0.
-Integers
consist of the natural numbers, their negatives and
0.
Irrational Numbers
- Numbers that cannot be expressed as
fractions.
- Have decimal representations that are
non-terminating and non-repeating.
Example
3.1415926536.........
2. Number Properties
A. Closure Property
When we add or multiply any element in a
set of numbers, the sum or the product is a
unique real number which belongs to the
same set.
Example
125 + 34 = 159
B. Commutative Property
states that changing the position of the
addends or the factors does not affect the
sum or the product.

Examples:
12 + 2 = 2 + 12 (Addition)
13 x 3= 3 x13 (Multiplication)
C. Associative Property
states that changing the grouping of the addends
in sum or the grouping of the factors in a product
does not change the resulting sum or product.

Examples:
(2 + 3) + 4 = 2 + (3 + 4) (Addition)
( 5 x 3) x 2= 5 x (3 x 2) (Multiplication)
D. Identity Property of Addition
- the sum of any number and zero is the same
number. O is the identity.

Example
34+0=34
E. Identity Property of Multiplication
the product of any number and 1 is the same
number. 1 is the identity.

Example
32 x 1 = 32
F. Distributive Property
says that when a number is multiplied by the SUM
of two other numbers, the first number can be
handed out or distributed to both of those two
numbers and multiplied by each of them
separately.

Example
3(8 + 5) = 3(8) + 3(5)
Thank You