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Historical Research and Content Analysis - 1

The document discusses historical research and content analysis. Historical research involves systematically studying past events to understand and explain them. It aims to reconstruct past periods as accurately as possible. Content analysis is a research method used to analyze written, oral or visual communication content objectively and quantitatively by identifying the presence of words, concepts, themes or ideas. Both methods involve defining problems, locating and evaluating sources, drawing conclusions, and addressing issues of reliability and validity.

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Jonathan Conde
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368 views43 pages

Historical Research and Content Analysis - 1

The document discusses historical research and content analysis. Historical research involves systematically studying past events to understand and explain them. It aims to reconstruct past periods as accurately as possible. Content analysis is a research method used to analyze written, oral or visual communication content objectively and quantitatively by identifying the presence of words, concepts, themes or ideas. Both methods involve defining problems, locating and evaluating sources, drawing conclusions, and addressing issues of reliability and validity.

Uploaded by

Jonathan Conde
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Prepared By:

Clayton, Joanna May O.


Conde, Jonathan P.
Reporter:
Conde, Jonathan P.
CED 08-501A
Research

it is the formal, systematic


application of scientific
method to the study of
problems

Historical Research

A type of qualitative
research that involves
interpreting past events to
predict future ones
Historical Research

The systematic collection
and evaluation of data to
describe, explain, and
understand actions or events
that occurred sometime in the
past.
Historical Research

It is a process of critical
inquiry into past events, in
order to produce an accurate
description and interpretation
of these events.
Historical Research

An attempt is made to
reconstruct what happened
during a certain period of
time as completely and
accurately as possible.
Purpose of Historical
Research

The most frequently cited
purpose is to help people learn
from past failures and
successes.
 historical research can lead to
the confirmation or rejection of
relational hypotheses.
Steps in Research

Defining the Problem
(including formulation of
hypothesis)
Locating relevant sources
Documents
Numerical records
Oral statements
Relics
Levels of Analysis

Micro Level
Meso-Level
Macro Level
Categories of Sources

Documents
Written or printed materials that
have been produced in some
form or another.
Numerical records
Considered as a separate type of
source in and of themselves or as
a subcategory of documents.
Categories of Sources

Oral Statements
Are stories or other forms of oral
expression that leave a record for
future generations.
Relics
Are any objects whose physical
or visual characteristics can
provide some information about
the past.
Primary source
one prepared by an individual

who was a participant in or a
direct witness to the event being
described.
Secondary source
a document prepared by an
individual who was not a direct
witness to an event, but who
obtained a description of the
event from someone else.
Steps in Research

Summarizing information
obtained from historical sources
(including confirmation/
disconfirmation of hypothesis)
Evaluation of historical sources
Internal criticism
External criticism
Types of Evaluating
Historical Sources

External Criticism
refers to the genuineness of the
documents a researcher uses in a
historical study
Internal Criticism
 refers to the accuracy of the contents
of a document
Steps in Research

Drawing of conclusions
Advantages

Permits the investigation
of topics that could be
studied in no other way
Many issues can be
enlightened by historical
researches
Disadvantages

No control over the
internal validity of
sources
Limitations are imposed
due to content analysis
Disadvantages

Researchers cannot
ensure representation of
samples
Researchers cannot
manipulate nor control
any variables
Disadvantages

There is no way historical
researches can affect the
past
Mostly, these researches
rely on secondary sources
Reporter:
Clayton, Joanna May O.
CED 08-501A
Content Analysis

A research tool used to


determine the presence of
certain words or concepts
within texts or sets of texts
Content Analysis

A research method for
studying documents and
communication artefacts,
which might be texts of
various formats, pictures,
audio or video.
Content Analysis

A research technique for


the objective, systematic, and
quantitative description of
manifest content of
communications
Content Analysis

A research tool focused


on the actual content and
internal features of media.
Types of Content
Analysis

Conceptual Analysis
A concept is chosen for
examination and the
number of its
occurrences within the
text recorded
Types of Content
Analysis

Relational Analysis
Builds on conceptual
analysis by examining
the relationships among
concepts in a text
Types of Analyses

Descriptive
Exploratory
Inferential
Predictive
Causal
Mechanistic
Types of Texts in
Content Analysis

Written text, such as books and papers
Oral text, such as speech and theatrical
performance
Iconic text, such as drawings, paintings,
and icons
Audio-visual text, such as TV programs,
movies, and videos
Hypertexts, which are texts found on the
Internet
Uses of Content
Analysis

Reveal international
differences in
communication content
Detect the existence of
propaganda
Uses of Content
Analysis

Identify the intentions,


focus or communication
trends of an individual,
group or institution
Uses of Content
Analysis

Describe attitudinal and
behavioral responses to
communications
Determine psychological
or emotional state of
persons or groups
Issues on Reliability

Reliablility
 refers to its stability, or
the tendency for coders to
consistently re-code the
same data in the same way
over a period of time
Issues on Validity

Reproducibility
the tendency for a group
of coders to classify
categories membership in
the same way when it
comes to written data.
Issues on Validity

Accuracy
the extent to which the
classification of a text
corresponds to a standard
or norm statistically.
Advantages

 Looks directly at communication via
texts or transcripts, and hence gets at
the central aspect of social interaction
 Can allow for both quantitative and
qualitative operations
 Can provide valuable
historical/cultural insights over time
through analysis of texts
Advantages

 Allows a closeness to text which can
alternate between specific categories
and relationships and also statistically
analyzes the coded form of the text
 Can be used to interpret texts for
purposes such as the development of
expert systems
 An unobtrusive means of analyzing
interactions
Advantages

provides insight into complex
models of human thought and
language use
when done well, is considered
as a relatively "exact" research
method
Disadvantages

 Can be extremely time
consuming
 Subject to increased error,
particularly when relational
analysis is used to attain a
higher level of interpretation
Disadvantages

 Inherently reductive,
particularly when dealing with
complex texts
tends too often to simply
consist of word counts
Disadvantages

 Often disregards the context
that produced the text, as well
as the state of things after the
text is produced
 Can be difficult to automate or
computerize
References

 Berelson, Bernard. Content Analysis in Communication
Research. New York: Free Press, 1952.
 Budd, Richard. Content Analysis of Communications. New
York: Macmillan Company, 1967
 http://www.umsl.edu/~wilmarthp/mrpc-web-
resources/content-analysis.pdf
 https://www.ischool.utexas.edu/~palmquis/courses/conten
t.html
 https://benthamopen.com/contents/pdf/TOEDUJ/TOEDUJ
-5-1.pdf
 https://writing.colostate.edu/guides/guide.cfm?guideid=61

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