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Derivatives: Calculus I 11th or 12 Grade David Rogers

The document defines derivatives and the key concepts students should understand, including: 1) Derivatives represent the instantaneous rate of change and can be defined as the limit of the difference quotient. 2) Shortcut methods can be used to find derivatives of simple polynomial functions by applying exponent rules. 3) The derivative at a point is found by first determining the derivative function and then plugging the value into that function.

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54 views20 pages

Derivatives: Calculus I 11th or 12 Grade David Rogers

The document defines derivatives and the key concepts students should understand, including: 1) Derivatives represent the instantaneous rate of change and can be defined as the limit of the difference quotient. 2) Shortcut methods can be used to find derivatives of simple polynomial functions by applying exponent rules. 3) The derivative at a point is found by first determining the derivative function and then plugging the value into that function.

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Derivatives

Calculus I
11th or 12th grade
David Rogers
Student Objectives
• Students should be able to solve get the derivative of
simple functions using the definition of a derivative.
• Students should be able to get the derivative of simple
functions using the shortcut method for finding a
derivative.
• Students should understand what a derivative is and
understand where the definition is coming from.
What if I walked from this classroom to the
cafeteria with a constant velocity.
• If we know my displacement(distance from classroom), what do we
need in order to find my velocity during my walk?
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
• Now, what if I was not moving at a constant velocity and we
wanted to find my average velocity from when I was halfway to the
cafeteria till the end of my walk.
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑎𝑓𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎 − 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡(ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑓𝑤𝑎𝑦 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑐𝑎𝑓𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚 )
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑓𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎 − 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒(ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑓𝑤𝑎𝑦 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑐𝑎𝑓𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚)

• Now, how would we find my current velocity or as close as we can


get to it? 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 − 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡(𝑎 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡)
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 − 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒(𝑎 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡)
Definition of a Derivative
These questions apply directly to derivatives.

Derivatives are defined as


Inspecting the Definition

𝑑𝑦
• A derivative is represented by .
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
• is the same thing as saying the derivative of the function “y” with
𝑑𝑥
respect to x.
• This is the same as velocity of the function “me walking” with respect
to x or “time” in the walking example.
Inspecting the Definition(2)

• In this definition we are trying to find the derivative or “velocity” at a


value of x or “time”.
• f(x) would be equivalent to displacement or distance from the
classroom in my walking example.
Inspecting the Definition(3)

• To get the derivative at a value of x or the “velocity” at a value of


“time” we need to find the displacement just after the time
subtracted by the displacement at the time and divide it by the time
difference.
𝑑𝑦
• To get as close as we can to the exact value of “velocity” or we
𝑑𝑥
take the “time” or h to be approaching 0.
𝑓 𝑥 + ℎ − 𝑓(𝑥)
Examples lim
ℎ→0 ℎ

f(x)=x+1 f(x)=𝑥 2 +4
Now you try!
𝑑𝑦
What is of these functions?
𝑑𝑥
2
f(x)=𝑥 + x + 6

f(x)= 𝑥

f(x)=𝑙𝑛𝑥
Another way to write a Derivative
If you were to be asked…..

𝑑(𝑥+1)
What is ? or
𝑑𝑥

𝑑(𝑥 2 +4)
What is ?
𝑑𝑥

This would be the same as saying……

What is f’(x) if f(x)= 𝑥 + 1? or

What is f’(x) if f(x)= 𝑥 2 + 4?


Derivative at a point
If f(x)= 𝑥 + 1
What would f’(1) be?
This would be the derivative of the
function of f(x)= 𝑥 + 1 at the point x=1.
How would we solve this?
Derivative at a point(continued)
To get f’(1) we need to first find f’(x) then plug in 1 for x.
Example:
Find f’(1) of f(x)=x+1.

We know f’(x)=1 therefore f’(1)=1

Another Example:
Find f’(1) of f(x)= 𝑥 2 + 4.

We know f’(x)=2x therefore f’(1)=2(1)=2


Now you try!(2)
Find f’(π) for the following functions.
f(x)=𝑥 2 − 15

f(x)=12

f(x)=cos(𝑥)
Thinking Differently
• Another way to look at a derivative is as the slope of a function.
• So the derivative of a function is a new function that represents the slope.
• Also, the derivative at a point is the slope at that point
If f(x)= 𝑥 then f’(x)=1

This means that the function for the


slope of f(x)=x is given by f’(x)=1.

We can see by the graph of f(x)=x that


there is a slope of 1 throughout so this
makes sense.
Shortcut Method
Look at these functions compared to their derivatives can anyone see a
pattern.
Function Derivative

𝑥2 2x

𝑥3 3𝑥 2

4𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 12𝑥 2 +2x

𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 3𝑥 2 +8x
Shortcut Method(continued)
• For functions with the form
f(x)= 𝑥 𝑛 , where n is a number
The derivative is
𝑓′(𝑥)=n 𝑥 𝑛−1
This means the derivative of any constant by itself is 0.
We can see this because the graph of a constant has no slope.
Multiplying by constants
• Here is another rule to follow
If 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑛 (𝑔(𝑥)),where n is a number
Then 𝑓′ 𝑥 =n (𝑔′(𝑥))
This means if you have a constant multiplied by your function
1) Factor it out
2)Take the derivative of the rest of the function
3)Multiply it back
Adding Functions
• Another rule to follow
If f(x)=g(x)+h(x)
Then f’(x)=g’(x)+h’(h)
This means if we can split up a function into the addition of two other
functions,
We can get the derivative of each of them separately and in turn get
the derivative of the whole function.
Now you try!(3)
Find f’(2) for the following examples using the shortcut method.
f(x)=𝑥 2 − 15

f(x)=12

2
f(x)=𝑥 + x + 6
Summary Questions
Find f’(x) using the definition of a derivative.

f(x)=4𝑥 2 − 2x + 6

Find f’(x) using the shortcut method for finding derivatives.

f(x)=12𝑥 2 − 6x + 9821821223

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