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Derivatives Class Notes

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Derivatives Class Notes

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shubhamdademon
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Derivatives

Limit definition of derivative:

Alternate Definition (Numerical Derivative -- at a point where x=a)

Notations of Derivatives

(“d” indicates a minute change in numbers, as opposed to ∆, which indicates a larger change
in values).

Lagrange and Leibniz are the notations most commonly used in calculus, but there are
others primarily used in physics.

Newton’s notation:

Euler’s notation (which practically no one uses):

Derivative statements that are equivalent:

1. The difference quotient (above) of f(x) as x → a;


a. Essentially, what happens to the function as the secant line between two points
approaches the tangent (average rate of change [slope] → slope of a single
point)?
2. The slope of f(x) at x=a;
3. The slope of the tangent to f(x) at x=a;
a. This has the same value as (2) because the slope at x=a would also be part of
the tangent to f(x) at that point
4. The instantaneous rate of change of f(x) with respect to x at x=a
a. “With respect to” just means that the variable that follows
(in this case, x) is the independent variable

Note: Differentiability (the ability to take a derivative) implies continuity, but not necessarily
vice versa.

Indifferentiability:
A function f(x) will not have an instantaneous slope at a point (a, f(a)) if:
● The graph has a sharp corner/cusp at that point - if one-sided derivatives (derivative
definitions from left and right) aren’t equal

● The tangent line at that point has a vertical/nonexistent slope (derivative definition
approaches +/- infinity from both sides)

● The graph has a discontinuity at that point - one sided derivative limits will be
unequal or nonexistent. Removable discontinuities at which a limit still exists won’t
have a slope at the corresponding x-value

Derivative Rules
Example of sum rule:
4
𝑦 = 𝑥 + 12𝑥
𝑑 4 𝑑
𝑦' = 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥
[12𝑥]y’
3
𝑦' = 4𝑥 + 12

Power Rule: f(x)=xn, f’(x)=nxn-1 :

3 2
Example: 𝑓(𝑥) = 10𝑥 + 4𝑥 − 3𝑥 − 2
2
𝑓'(𝑥) = 30𝑥 + 8𝑥 − 3

Proof that the Derivative of a Constant is Zero

Product Rule: p(x)= u(x) * v(x), p’(x)= u(x)*v’(x) + u’(x)*v(x)


Proof
Quotient rule: q(x) = u(x)/v(x), q’(x) = [v(x)*u’(x) - u(x)* v’(x)]/(v(x)2)
(Proof is similar to product rule proof)

The derivatives of the 6 trigonometric functions can be found by using the difference
quotient. They are:

***f(x) = sin x f’(x) = cos x


g(x) = cos x g’(x) = –sin x
p(x) = tan x p’(x) = sec^2(x)
q(x) = csc x q’(x) = –(cot x)(csc x)
r(x) = sec x r’(x) = (tan x)(sec x)
z(x) = cot x z’(x) = -csc^2(x)

***

Some ways to remember these


derivatives:
1. Any function that starts
with a “c” will have a negative
in the derivative formula
2. Tan and sec always go together, as do cot and csc

Chain Rule: If h(x)= f(g(x)), then h’(x)= f’(g(x)) * g’(x)

Example #1
h(x)= (2x + 3)^3
h’(x)= 3* (2x+3)^2 *(2)= 6(2x+3)^2

Example #2
y= sin (cos(tanx))
y’= cos(cos(tanx)) * (-sin(tanx)) * sec^2(x)

Example #3
f(x) = tan(2x - x2)
f’(x) = sec2(2x - x2)(2 - 2x)

Implicit Differentiation

x^2+y^2=16 is implicit (not solved for y)


y= x^2 + 5x -4 is explicit (solved for y)

Example #1: x^2 + y^2 = 16


2x + 2y(dy/dx) = 0
dy/dx= –2x/2y = –x/y

Example #2: (x+y)^3 + sin^2(2y) = 10000000


3(x+y)^2 (1+ (dy/dx)) + 2sin2y(cos2y)(2(dy/dx))= 0
3(x+y)^2 + 3(x+y)^2(dy/dx) + 2sin4y(dy/dx) = 0
dy/dx(3(x+y)^2 + 2sin4y)= -3(x+y)^2
dy/dx= -3(x+y)^2/(3(x+y)^2 + 2sin4y)

Make sure you solve for dy/dx :)

Derivatives of Exponential & Logarithmic Functions


f(x)=ln x f’(x)=1/x
f(x)=e^x f’(x)=e^x
f(x)=logb x f’(x)=1/(x ln b)
f(x)=a^x f’(x)=(a^x) (ln a)

Make sure to not forget chain rule for exponential and logarithmic functions!

Inverse Trig Derivatives:


2
f(x) = sin-1(x) f’(x) = 1/ 1 − 𝑥
2
f(x) = cos-1(x) f’(x) = − 1/ 1 − 𝑥
2
f(x) = tan-1(x) f’(x) = 1/(1 + 𝑥 )
2
f(x) = cot-1(x) f’(x) = − 1/(1 + 𝑥 )
2
f(x) = sec-1(x) f’(x) = 1/|𝑥| 𝑥 − 1
2
f(x) = csc-1(x) f’(x) = − 1/|𝑥| 𝑥 − 1
Proof of Inverse Sine Function Derivative

We know that

Taking the derivative of both sides, we get

We divide by cos(y)

Using a pythagorean identity for trig functions

We can substitute for cos(y)

Then we can substitute sin-1(x) back in for y and x for sin(y)

GRAPHICAL RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN F and F’:

***KEY***: The slope of the point (slope of the tangent to that point) of a function = the
value of the derivative at that point. This allows us to graph a derivative from its original
function and vice versa--

GRAPHING F FROM F’
Steps:

1) Identify where the derivative has x-intercepts.


a) These points mean that the value of f’(x) there is 0, so the original function has
a slope of 0 at those points.
b) The function will have horizontal tangents at these points.
2) Identify where f’(x) is positive and where it is negative.
a) If f’(x) is positive at a given value, the original function has a positive slope
there and therefore must be increasing.
b) Vice versa for negative.

Result:

GRAPHING F’ FROM F

Steps:
1) If needed, draw a rough coordinate axis around the graph of f(x).
2) Estimate the slope of f at various points.
a) The derivative f’(x) will take on that numerical slope as its y-value at these points.
3) Where f appears to have a slope of 0 -- a horizontal tangent -- the derivative crosses the
x-axis.
4) Where f has a positive slope (is increasing), f’ will be positive and vice versa.

Result:

Finding dy/dx and d2y/dx2 for 2-D

In relation with time and in different components

dy/dt - instantaneous ROC of y (height) with respect to t (time)


dx/dt - instantaneous ROC of x (horiz. dist.) with respect to t (time)

dy/dx = (dy/dt)/(dx/dt)

d2y/dx2 = ((d/dt) * (dy/dx))/(dx/dt)

Physics and Calculus Function Differentiation Relationships


● When given an equation that is defined as a position function (defined as x(t) in this
explanation), you can find the equations that are defined as the velocity function
(defined as v(t) in this explanation), acceleration function (defined as a(t) in this
explanation), and even the jerk function (defined as j(t) in this explanation).
○ In order to find the velocity function based off of the position function, take the
derivative of the position function.
■ Velocity is the first derivative of position.
● v(t)=x’(t)
○ In order to find the acceleration function, take the derivative of the velocity
function.
■ Acceleration is the second derivative of position.
● a(t)=v’(t)=x’’(t)
○ In order to find the jerk function, take the derivative of the acceleration
function.
■ Jerk is the third derivative of position.
● j(t)=a’(t)=v’’(t)=x’’’(t)

This is true because a derivative measures the rate of change of one value over the other. All
of these physics terms: position, velocity, acceleration - these are all changes in values over
time. For example, velocity is the change in position over time. Acceleration is the change in
𝑑𝑦
velocity over time. That’s why we can put them into the form 𝑑𝑡
. And because we don’t want
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑡
to find the derivative over time, per se, but the derivative over Δx, we can simply make it 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦
which then simply equals 𝑑𝑥
.

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