MECH5320 – Convective Heat and Mass Transfer

Chapter 4
Principles of Convection

Professor Baoling Huang

Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering/ HKUST
Governing Equations
Mass conservation
�r
+ ��( r v) = 0
�t

Momentum conservation

Energy conservation

2
Streamline Coordinates
 In many flow situation it is convenient to use a coordinate system defined in terms
of the streamlines (tangential to the velocity) of the flow (note: streamline is
different from streakline and pathline).

The flow field is

therefore covered by
an orthogonal curved
net of coordinate.

V = Vsˆ
DV
a= = as sˆˆ+ an n
Dt

 In the streamline coordinate system, the flow is described in terms of one

coordinate s along the streamlines and the second coordinate normal to the
streamlines.
3
Streamline Coordinates
 In general, V = V ( s, n )sˆ sˆˆ= s( s, n ) nˆˆ= n( s, n )

DV
a= = as sˆˆ+ an n
Dt
D(Vsˆˆ) D (V ) D ( s)
a= = sˆ + V
Dt Dt Dt
D(V ) V V s V n
= + +
Dt t s t n t
Dsˆˆˆˆ s s s s n
= + +
Dt t s t n t
Note:

For steady flow ds dn

V= , = 0 (constant n )
dt dt
DV V V2
a= =V sˆˆ+ n
Dt s R 4
 Viscosity
 Consider the fluid between a moving plate and a fixed plate. The velocity u is found to vary linearly with the height y

Rate of shearing strain

 U du
= lim &= =
 t 0  t
b dy
P du du
t=
A
�&�
dy
t =m
dy

Fluids for which the shearing stress

is linearly related to the rate of
shearing strain are Newtonian fluid

Example of shear thinning fluid:

du
Paint dy �  m �
Example of shear thickening fluid:
du
Sand water mixture dy
�  m �
5
 Origin of Viscosity
 Viscosity origins from the interactions between fluid particles or molecules. It measures the resistance of a fluid to deformation.

du m
t =m m is dynamical viscosity [Pa-s] v = , Kinetic viscosity
dy r

Intermolecular
Liquid attraction
m

Gas Intermolecular
collision

Temperature
6
Viscosity of Gas
 According to the kinetic theory, viscosity of a pure, monoatomic gas
A can be predicted with

Collision diameter Collision integral, ~1.0

 Relationship with thermal conductivity (Euken’s equation)

 =c p / cv For monatomic molecule, =

For diatomic molecule, =

7
Stress on Differential Elements
 The surface stress on a differential element is a tensor.
Fij
t ij = lim
 A 0 A
The first subscript indicates the direction of
the normal to the plane on which the
stress acts, the second indicates the
direction of the stress
Shear stress: stress parallel to the surface
Normal stress: stress normal to the surface

s xx t yx t zx �
�
� �
t xy s yy t zy �
τ=�
t
�
� xz t yz s zz
�
�

8
 Tensor and Einstein Notation
 Tensors are geometric objects that describe linear relations between
vectors, scalars, and other tensors. It can be represented by a set of
scalar, vector or tensors. The order (also degree or rank) of a tensor is
the dimensionality of the array needed to represent it.
Scalar T (Zero-order tensor) Second order tensor
Vector V=(u, v, w) (first-order tensor)
(a set of scalar values)
(a set of vectors)

A tensor can be represented by its element or ττ= ( m )

 Einstein notation: when an index variable appears twice in a single
term it implies that we are summing over all of its possible values.

9
Operation of Tensors
 Inner product

A �B A �B
Example:

A �B

 out product
A = ( a1 , a2 , a3 ), B = (b1 , b2 , b3 )
A = (ai ), B = (b j )
�c11 c12 c13 �
C = AB = ( ai b j )
C = AB = � c c c23 �
�21 22 �
�
�c31 c32 c33 �
� C = A �B = ( a j bk ile ljk )
cij = ai b j Levi-Civita symbol
10
 Stress on Differential Elements
 The stress tensor is symmetric for a Newtonian fluid.
Shear stress Normal stress
�v �u �u 2 �u �v �w
t xy = t yx = m ( + ) s xx =  p + 2 m  m( + + )
�x �y �x 3 �x �y �z
�
w � u �v 2 �u �v �w
t xz = t zx = m ( + ) s yy =  p + 2 m  m ( + + )
�x �z �y 3 �x �y �z
�v �
w �
w 2 � u �v �w
t yz = t zy = m ( + ) s zz =  p + 2 m  m( + + )
�z �y �z 3 �x �y �z

Using the Cartesian tensor notation

2
t ij = ( p + m��
V ) ij + 2 m eij
3
Here 1, i = j
�
 ij = � (Kronecker delta)
�0, i �j
1 �V � V
eij = ( i + j ) Angular deformation
2 �xj �xi 11
Transformation of Differential Elements

V
1 �V � V
V Ѵ V= ( i  j)
2 �xj �xi
1 �V � V
( i + j)
2 �xj �xi

Rotation of the element

12
 Stress on Differential Elements
 If a fluid is at rest, no relative motion between any two fluid particles,
the pressure is isotropic.
Therefore, for static fluid t ij =  p ij
 For fluid in motion.
Due to motion and is related to
t ij =  p ij + t ij�
velocity gradient

Vi 1 ��
� V �V � 1 ��V � V � 1 �Vi �Vj
= � i + j �+ � i  j � eij = ( + )
xj 2 �
� �� xi �
xj � �x
� 2 �� j xi �
� � 2 �xj �xi

Symmetric, angular deformation Antisymmetric, rotation

 For Newtonian fluid, it is reasonable to assume.
t ij = kijmn emn It has been proved that kijmn =  ij mn + m im jn + m in jm

3p

=is assumed 13
 Navier-Stokes Equation
Law of momentum conservation

For a unit volume 

( r v ) +   ( r vvτb
) =  +
t
Unsteady Convective Divergence of Body force
acceleration acceleration surface stress
tensor
For incompressible flow Or v=0
��

On the right side � � � vj �vi

τ=
�� t ij = [ p ij + m ( + )] Note:
�xi �xi �xi �xj
2
� vi � �vi
� p
2
�v j �vi2 = ( )
= +m +m ��
xi x j �xj � xi
� xj �� xi xi ��
xi x j 14
 Navier-Stokes Equation
Therefore �p �2v j � �vi
τ=
�� +m +m ( )
�
xj ��
xi xi �
xj �xi
= �p + m�2 v + m���
( v)
So we have �
v
r + r [(�� �v ] = �p + m�2 v + m���
v) v + v � ( v) + b
�t
For incompressible flow Or v=0
��
�
v Dv 1 D( rv ) D( r v)  1 D ( ) 
r + rv �
(�v ) = r = �p + m�2 v + b  Dt
=
Dt
+ rv 
  Dt 

�t Dt
Or
�
u �
u �
u �u �
p �2u �2u �2u
r ( + u + v + w ) =  + m( 2 + 2 + 2 ) + r gx
�t �x �
y �z �x �x �y �z
�
v �
v �
v �v �
p �2v �2v �2v
r ( + u + v + w ) =  + m( 2 + 2 + 2 ) + r g y Navier-Stokes Equation
�t �
x �
y �z �y �x �y �z
�
w �
w �
w �
w �
p �2 w �2 w �2 w
r( + u +v + w ) =  + m( 2 + 2 + 2 ) + r g z 15
�t �x �y �z �z �x �y �z
Navier-Stokes Equation
 Navier-Stokes equation is the result of applying Newton’s second
law to fluid motion. It is a specialized case of the law of momentum
conservation. It assumes the fluid is newtonian fluid and
incompressible.
 The Navier–Stokes equations are nonlinear partial differential equations in almost every real
situation. In some cases, such as one-dimensional flow and Stokes flow (or creeping flow), the
equations can be simplified to linear equations. The nonlinearity makes most problems difficult
or impossible to solve and is the main contributor to the turbulence that the equations model.
 The nonlinearity is due to convective acceleration. Hence, any convective flow, whether
turbulent or not, will involve nonlinearity.

 It has not been proven that in three dimensions solutions always

exist (existence), or that if they do exist, then they do not contain
any singularity (smoothness). These are called the Navier–Stokes
existence and smoothness problems .

16
Boundary Layer
 The concept of boundary layer is due to Prandtl. It occurs on the
solid boundary for high Reynolds number flows. Most high Reynolds
number external flows can be divided into two regions
 Thin layer attached to the solid boundaries where velocity gradient
is large and viscous force is dominant, i.e. boundary layer flow region.
Other encompassing the rest region where viscous force can be
neglected, i.e., the potential flow region.

Thickness of the
boundary layer is
defined as the
0.99U distance from the
solid surface
where u=99% U∞

17
Boundary Layer
 The thin layer adjacent to the solid boundary is called the boundary
layer and the flow inside the layer is called the boundary layer flow
 In side the thin layer the velocity of the fluid increases from zero at the
wall (no slip) to the full value (slip velocity) of corresponding potential
flow.
 It allows to simplify the equations of fluid flow by dividing the flow field
into two areas: one inside the boundary layer, where viscosity is
dominant and the majority of the viscous effects, such as drag force,
experienced by a body immersed in a fluid is created, and one outside
the boundary layer where viscosity can be neglected without
significant effects on the solution. This allows a closed-form solution
for the flow in both areas, which is a significant simplification over the
solution of the full Navier–Stokes equations.

�
v �
v
r + rv �
(�v ) = �p + m�2 v + b r + rv �
(�v ) = �p + b
�t �t
When the viscous term is small
18
Thermal Boundary Layer
 Similar to the velocity boundary layer, a thermal
boundary layer can be defined as the sequence
of heat transfer between the surface and fluid

 Using the concept of thermal boundary layer, the flow field can also be
divided into two regimes:
 Thin layer attached to the solid boundaries where temperature gradient

is large and thermal conduction is dominant, i.e. thermal diffusion region.

Other encompassing the rest region where thermal conduction
can be ignored, i.e., thermal convection region.
 Thermal boundary layer is related to the Peclet number. The higher
Pe, the thinner thermal boundary layer. 19
 Thermal Boundary Layer
 Thickness of thermal boundary layer increases in the flow direction. (why?)

 Thermal boundary layer can be manifested by a surface heat flux and a convection heat transfer
coefficient

 An implication of the no-slip condition is that heat transfer from the solid surface to the fluid layer
adjacent to the surface is by pure conduction, and can be expressed as

By definition, from Newton’s law of cooling

20
Local and Average Heat Transfer Coefficient
 Local heat flux and coefficient

q�
�= h(Ts  T�)

 Average heat flux and coefficient for

a uniform surface temperature

 For a flat plate in a parallel flow

21
Nusselt number
 It is common practice to nondimensionalize the heat transfer
coefficient h with the Nusselt number Nu

 Nu is the ratio of convection heat flux to pure conduction heat flux

hL hDT q&conv
Nu = = =
k f k f ( DT / L) q&cond

 Nu represents the enhancement of heat transfer through a fluid layer as a

result of convection relative to conduction across the same fluid layer.

22
 Prandtl Number Pr
 The relative thickness of the velocity and the thermal boundary layers is best described by the
dimensionless parameter Prandtl number, defined as

 Heat diffuses very quickly in liquid metals (Pr « 1) and very slowly in
oils (Pr »1) relative to momentum.
Consequently the thermal boundary layer is much thicker for liquid
metals and much thinner for oils relative to the velocity boundary layer.

 Pr depends on the material properties only and it varies with

temperature. Near room temperature, for water Pr~1, and for air, Pr=0.6.
 To make Pr meaningful, Re>>1 and Pe>>1 are normally required. If
these two conditions are not satisfied, Pr can only represent the ratio of
momentum diffusion rate to thermal diffusion rate.

23
Laminar and Turbulent Flows
 Laminar flow: the flow is characterized by smooth streamlines and
highly-ordered motion.
 Turbulent flow: the flow is characterized by velocity fluctuations and
highly-disordered motion.
 The transition from laminar to turbulent
flow does not occur suddenly.

 At large Re (turbulent flow) the inertia

forces are large relative to the viscous
forces.
 At small or moderate Re (laminar flow),
the viscous forces are large enough to
suppress these fluctuations and to keep
the fluid “inline.”

24
 Boundary Layer Transition

 The transition from laminar to turbulent flow depends on the surface geometry,
surface roughness, flow velocity, surface temperature, and type of fluid.
 Critical Reynolds number - the Re at which the flow becomes turbulent
Transition criterion for a flat plate in parallel flow:
Generally, 1 �105 < Re, c < 3 �106
25
Turbulent Boundary Layers
 In the core region, the velocity and temperature profiles are very
moderate.
 In the thin layer adjacent to the wall, the velocity and temperature
profiles are very steep.
Large velocity and temperature gradients at the wall surface.
The wall shear stress and wall heat flux are much larger in
turbulent flow than they are in laminar flow.

26
Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient
 Both the laminar and turbulent velocity
boundary layer thicknesses will increase with
distance x

 Convective heat transfer coefficient will

sharply increase when the transition from
laminar flow to turbulent flow happens

(a) Laminar flow:

momentum/energy
caused by random
motion of molecules.
(b) Turbulent flow as a
series of random, three-
dimensional eddies.

27
Boundary Layer Equation
 For simplicity of illustration, we shall consider an incompressible
steady flow over a semi-infinite flat plate with an uniform incoming
flow of velocity U in parallel to the plate.

 The flow is two dimensional.

 The coordinates are chosen such that x is in the incoming flow

direction with x=0 being located the leading edge and y is normal to
the plate with y=0 being located at the plate wall.

28
Boundary Layer Equation
 For the steady, two-dimensional, incompressible flow with constant
fluid properties and negligible body forces problem, the continuity
equation and Navier Stokes equation read

 The above equations apply generally to two dimensional steady

incompressible flows for all Reynolds number over the entire flow domain.

29
Boundary Layer Equation
 When normalized based on the following scales, we recall the
normalized governing equations with ReL underneath the viscous
term, i.e.

 When the viscous terms are dropped for high Re number flows, the
equations become those for potential flows. Only when the second derivative
of velocity is large, the viscosity is important. The region where viscosity is
important is defined as velocity/momentum boundary layer.
30
 Boundary Layer Equation
 Assume the boundary layer thickness is L, therefore
�2u U � P rU 2
~ , ~
�y ( L ) �
2 2
y L
 To evaluate the terms more accurately, it is more appropriate to use L as the length scale along the y direction. Also, since v at
the surface or outside of the boundary layer is 0, a small velocity scale V in y direction should be chosen.

L V
Therefore,

31
Boundary Layer Equation
 The choice of V is not well defined, to simplify the continuity
equation, we should choose V which satisfy U / L = V /  L
so that the continuity equation has a simple form

 Replace V with UL/L according to the above choice, and the

normalized momentum equation becomes

 It is clear that only when L2/(ReLL2) ~1, the viscosity effects are
important.
L 1
Therefore, ~
L Re L
32
Boundary Layer Equation
 Therefore, when ReL is large, the boundary layer thickness L is
small, and the velocity along the y direction is also small.
V L
and =
U L
 For scale analysis, we can set L2=L2/ReL
The momentum equations become

 For high ReL, the terms with ReL to the first approximation
can be neglected

33
Boundary Layer Equation
 This results in the boundary layer equations that in dimensional form
(within the boundary layer) are given by

 The y-momentum equation indicates that the pressure is constant across

the boundary layer, i.e., equal to that outside the boundary layer P∞ (in the
free stream)
 Near the boundary, the velocity is U∞ and the x-momentum equation near
the boundary is
dU �( x ) �
p �p ( x)
rU �( x ) = = �
dx �
x �x 34
Boundary Layer Equation
 Therefore, the boundary layer equations can be re-written as:

and the proper boundary conditions are

For semi-infinite flat plate with uniform incoming velocity, U∞= constant. The
boundary layer equations can be reduced further to

35
Boundary Layer Flows Over Curved Surface
 By defining an orthogonal coordinate system with x coordinate along
boundary and y coordinate normal to boundary, previous analysis is
also valid for curved surface. This can be done through a coordinate
transformation.

 Since radius of curvature is large, the curvature effects become

higher order terms after transformation. These higher order terms
can be neglected for 1st-order approximation. The same boundary
layer equation can be obtained.
For streamline coordinates

DV V V2
a= =V sˆˆ+ n
Dt s R
When the curvature R >> L �
V
a =V sˆ
�s
For small R, the other term must be considered
in the derivation of boundary layer equations.
36
Boundary Layer Flows Over Curved Surface
 For example in 2D flows, one way is to use the potential lines and streamlines to
form a coordination system. x is along streamline direction, and y is the along
potential lines. Such coordination system are called body-fitted coordination
system.
For 2-D, steady incompressible flow

Stream function
y = constant are streamlines

Velocity potential
For irrotational flow (fluid particles
don’t rotate)
Ѵ v=0
Velocity can be expressed in terms of a scalar velocity potential function

37
 Boundary Layer Similarity
 If L is considered as a varying length scale equal to x, then the boundary thickness varies with x as
, where is the local Reynolds number.
L 1 U �x
@ Re x =
x Re x v
 We assume the geometric similarity exists, that is, a boundary layer flow is similar if its
velocity profile as normalized by U∞(x) depends only on the normalized distance from the wall

1/2
y � U �
h = = � �� y , i.e.,
 x �xv �

where V∞ (x) is the velocity components

outside the boundary layer normal to U∞ (x).
Here g(η) and h (η) are called the similarity
variables.
 Only certain type of U∞(x) can have similarity solutions. 38
 Similarity Solution
 It has been shown by Falkner-Skan transformation that if the free-
stream velocity is of the form
(For surface temperature, Ts = T� + C2 x n )
the similarity solution exists.
 For irrotational flow, the corresponding velocity potential is
j = C1 x m +1 / (m + 1)
 This corresponds to the free stream velocity over a wedge
The exponent m is related to the angle 

m=0 flow over a flat plate

m=1 stagnation flow towards a wall

39
 Falkner-Skan Transformation
 For 2-D flow, we can rewrite the boundary layer equations by introducing
the stream function, so that continuity is automatically satisfied

From the x momentum equation

we have

 Consider the following transformation with A being the transformation

paramter, is the constant exponent to achieve the similarity

40
 Falkner-Skan Transformation
 The boundary layer equations now becomes

 It follows that for similarity solution, those power of A must equal. Thus the
following relations holds

If we let =

y y y y U� U�
We also have = , = , =
x  x  x1 x 1 x12  x 12 

This is the conditions for obtaining similarity solution. 41

Falkner-Skan Transformation
 Form the definition of the transformation, we note that

 We choose this scale to normalize y, and the scaling of variables in the boundary layer equation becomes,

If we set h = y y U
we have Cˆ 2 f (h ) = 1 and g (h ) = 1�2 
x x x

We note that
(U has no dependence on y)

which implies

where m=1-2λand C1 is a constant.

42
Falkner-Skan Transformation
 We can now simplify ψ and h as follow

0.5

Here U �x
Re x =
v


43
 Falkner-Skan Transformation
 Without loss of generality, we take C1=A, C2= C3=1,

44
 Falkner-Skan Transformation
 Finally the governing equation becomes

 In summary,

 The boundary conditions of the equation (u=v=0 at y=0 and u=U∞(x) as y→∞) becomes

45
 Blasius Solution (m=0)
 The uniform flow past a flat plate case is actually the wedge flow with
m=0, i.e. U∞=U=const. so the flow variables can be obtained as
1/2
y � U �
h = = � �� y
 x �xv �

 The boundary layer equation in term of the similarity variables becomes:

the corresponding boundary conditions This is a well-defined

problem with known
boundary conditions and it
can be solved numerically

46
Blasius Profile
 The velocity profile obtained by solving the above ordinary differential
equation is called the Blasius profile

Streamwise and transverse velocities

47
 Boundary Layer Thickness and Friction
 Conventionally, boundary layer thickness δ is defined as the distance
from the surface to the point where velocity is 99% of free stream velocity.
This occurs when h≈5 (4.92), i.e.,

 The wall shear stress can be expressed as

 The friction coefficient Cf is

48
Temperature Profile and Heat Transfer
 Once the velocity profile is solved, the temperature distribution inside
the boundary layer can be obtained from the energy equation. With the
boundary layer approximation, the energy equation is given by:

(Can you derive it?)

 It is possible to adopt the same similarity variable η as defined before

since u, v is a function of η.
Define

Energy equation becomes

Boundary conditions:

49
Temperature Profile and Heat Transfer

50
 Temperature Profile and Heat Transfer
 The first boundary condition T*(0) = 0 leads to C2= 0; while the
second one T*(∞) = 1 gives

 Therefore, we have

51
Convective Heat Flux
 As cooling (or heating) of the plate by the fluid motion is our main
concern, the objective is to determine the local heat transfer coefficient
h(x) for the calculation of the heat flux from the solid boundary.
 Using the energy balance at fluid-wall interface, for any point on the
interface

 Local Nusselt number

52
 Convective Heat Flux
 We notice that Nux/(Rex)0.5= C1 is a function of Pr only.
Nux = Re1/2
x
G (Pr)
 From the above expressions, we also notice that the heat flux from the
plate into the fluids qw(x) decreases as x-1/2 even though Nux increases as
x1/2.
 It follows that the average Nu number is the function of Re and Pr
only.

The experiment data for heat transfer is often represented by a simple

power-law relation of the form:

53
Convective Heat Transfer
 Since h(x)~Rex1/2/x= Cx-1/2, the mean heat flux over a distance L is
given by

where the average heat transfer coefficient is calculated by

54
 Convective Heat Transfer
 Equivalently, the mean Nusselt number over a length L is defined as
Nu=hL/k which becomes

 The exact distribution of T* derived above can only be obtained by

numerical integration. However, the expression of T* can be simplified
under the extreme cases of Pr <<1 and Pr >> 1 and more explicit
analytical solutions become possible.

 Pr <<1, the velocity boundary layer is much thinner than the

thermal boundary layer. Velocity will be uniform in thermal boundary
layer except a very thin regime.

 Pr >>1, the velocity boundary layer is much thicker than the

thermal boundary layer.

55
Temperature Profile and Heat Transfer
I. Pr <<1
 For Pr << 1, For the case of Pr << 1 (e.g. liquid metal), we have δ<< δT. The velocity boundary layer is
just a layer at the boundary much thinner than the thermal boundary layer and we can approximate the
velocity profile by a constant of u= U∞ within the whole thermal boundary layer.

 Therefore, a good approximation to f over δT becomes

Note v =0 at h=0 h=0, f=0

Therefore, C3=0

56
Temperature Profile and Heat Transfer
 Substituting this result into the expression for T*, we obtain:

Here
57
Temperature Profile and Heat Transfer
Error function

 Note that the present result is identical to the case of transient heat conduction in a
semi-infinite domain under a sudden wall temperature change.

58
 Temperature Profile and Heat Transfer
 The temperature distribution only depends on h. Increase in x ->
increase in y. That means, a fluid particle with horizontal velocity U∞ to
travel a distance x, which is also the time for the conduction process to
diffuse (penetrate) a corresponding distance of boundary layer thickness
in y-direction.
 The local Nux
(From the temperature
distribution)

It just depends on Pe number

59
 Temperature Profile and Heat Transfer
II. Pr >>1
 For the other extreme case of Pr >> 1 (e.g. lubrication oil or glycerin),
we have δ>> δT. The thermal boundary layer is now much thinner
than the momentum boundary layer and the velocity profile inside the
thermal boundary layer can be approximated by a linear profile, i.e.

Hence, the good approximation to f over δT is

where the boundary condition that f(0) = 0 has been imposed to set
zero to the integration constant. 60
 Temperature Profile and Heat Transfer
 Substituting this stream function into the expression of T*, we have:

61
Temperature Profile and Heat Transfer
 The local Nu number now becomes

 Note that for both Pr<<1 and Pr>>1, Nux~x1/2 and h(x)~x-1/2. This is because the thickness of
thermal boundary layer T~x1/2 and in the thermal boundary layer, heat conduction dominates.

62
Heat Transfer for Flow with U∞=Cxm

For m=0, the normalized energy equation is

For any m, the general normalized energy equation is

d 2T * (m + 1) Pr d T*
+ f (h ) =0
dh 2
2 dh
The differential equation is similar, but Pr is replaced by (m+1) Pr

Once the velocity solution is obtained, the temperature solution can

also be obtained through the energy equation
63
 Heat Transfer for Flow with U∞=Cxm
Values of NuxRex-1/2 for various Pr(T∞, Ts=constant)

　 　 Pr
m 0.7 0.8 1 5 10

-0.0753 0.242 0.253 0.272 0.457 0.57

0 0.292 0.307 0.332 0.585 0.73
0.111 0.331 0.348 0.378 0.669 0.851
0.333 0.384 0.403 0.44 0.792 1.013
1 0.496 0.523 0.57 1.043 1.344 m=1
4 0.813 0.858 0.938 1.736 2.236

(Nux is also dependent on m now)

1/2
1/2 hx  xu 
For a given fluid, Pr is a constant Nu x Re x =   =C (when m is fixed)
k  v 

Hence Ckx 1/2u�1/2 Ck ( m1)/2 Note that for m=1, h is a constant and
h= 1/2
= 1/2 x does not vary with x. This means the
v v thermal boundary layer is of constant
64
thickness.
Heat Transfer for Flow with U∞=Cx m
 We are interested in the overall heat transfer. The mean heat
transfer coefficient hm(x) for x=0 to x is

 For m=1 (stagnation flow) and a Pr number not too far from 1, the
Nu number varies as about the 0.4 power of the Pr number. A good
approximation solution for m=1 may be expressed as

Nu x = 0.57 Re1/2
x Pr 0.4

65
Heat Transfer for Flow with U∞=Cxm
U∞
x
Flow normal to a
R cylinder

 For flow around a cylinder, the potential flow solution is

NuR = 0.81Re1/2
R Pr 0.4

For the stagnation point at the nose of an axisymmetric body, using

Mangler transformation
Nu x = 0.76 Re x Pr
1/2 0.4

 For flow around a sphere, the potential flow solution is

NuR = 0.93Re1/2
R Pr 0.4

66
 Example 1
 Determination of heat transfer rate for prescribed turbine blade operating conditions from wind
tunnel data obtained for a geometrically similar but smaller blade. The blade surface area may
be assumed to be directly proportional to its characteristic length (As ~ L)

ASSUMPTIONS:
(1) Steady-state conditions,
(2) Constant properties,
(3) Surface area A is directly proportional to characteristic length L,
(4) Negligible radiation,
(5) Blade shapes are geometrically similar. 67
Example 1

68
Example 2
 KNOWN: Expression for the local heat transfer coefficient of air at
prescribed velocity and temperature flowing over electronic
elements on a circuit board and heat dissipation rate for a 4 × 4 mm
chip located 120mm from the leading edge.
FIND: Surface temperature of the chip surface, Ts.

69
Example 2

mW

70