Wired LANs and Ethernet

01204325: Data Communication

and Computer Networks
IEEE Standards
Project 802
 standards for enabling intercommunication
among equipment from a variety of
manufacturers
E.g.,
 IEEE 802.3  Ethernet
 IEEE 802.11  Wireless LAN (Wi-Fi)
 IEEE 802.5 -Token ring

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 Project 802 does not need to replace any part of the OSI model
orTCP/IP protocol suit.
 It is a way of specifyimg functions of the physical layer and data link
layer of major LAN protocols.
 IEEE diveded tha data link layer into two sub layers Logical link
control(LLC) and Media Access Control(MAC).
 Also created Several Physical layer standards for different LAN
protocols.

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Figure 2.8 TCP/IP and OSI model

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Figure 2.15 Addresses in the TCP/IP protocol suite

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OSI vs. TCP/IP

HTTP,
SMTP, …

TCP, UDP

IP

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Operation of TCP and IP

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22Bytes 20Bytes 20Bytes 4Bytes

64 to 1500 Bytes
IEEE Standards for LANs

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 Logical Link Control(LLC)
--Flow control,error control,and part of the framing duties are
collected into logical link control sublayer.
---LLC is a single link layer control protocol.It provides
interconnectivity between different LANs.
 Media Access Control(MAC)
---It defines specific access methods for each LAN.
ex:CSMA/CD as the access method for Ethernet LANs.
----Also handles part of a framing section.

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Evolution of Ethernet

Ethernet Evolution

Standard Fast Gigabit Ten-Gigabit 100-Gigabit

Ethernet Ethernet Ethernet Ethernet Ethernet
(10 Mbps) (100 Mbps)

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Standard Ethernet
 Data rate 10Mbps.
Characteristics
Connectionless and Unreliable Service
 Each frame send is independent of the previous or next frame
 Ethernet has no connection establishment or connection termination
phases.
 The sender sends a frame whenever it has it, the receiver may or
may not ready for it .The sender may overwhelm the receiver with
frames, which may result in dropping frames. If a frame drops, the
sender will not know about it.
 Ethernet is also unreliable. If a frame is corrupted during
transmission and receiver finds out about the corruption,then the
receiver drops the frame silently.

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Frame format

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Min and Max Frame Length

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 Ethernet Frame contains 7 fields
Preamble
 7bytes(56 bits) of alternating 0s and 1s
 Provides alert to the receiving system to the coming frame and
enable it to synchronize its clock if it’s out of synchronization.
 Preamble is actually added at the physical layer.
Start Frame Delimiter(SFD)
 1 byte field signals the beginning of frame
 This field is also added at the physical layer.
Destination Address
 Six bytes field
 contains the link layer address of the destination station or stations
to receive the packet.

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Source address(SA)
 Contains the link layer address of the sender.
Type
 Defines the upper layer protocol whose packet is encapsulated in
the frame.
 This protocol can be IP,ARP and so on
Data
 Encapsulates data from upper layer protocols.
 It is minimum of 46 and maximum of 1500 bytes.
CRC
 Contains error detection information.

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Ethernet Addresses
 NIC(Network Interface card fits inside the station of a ethernet
network and provides the station with a link layer address
 Address is 48 bits (6 bytes) in length
 Uniquely assigned to each Ethernet network interface card (NIC)
 Usually written in hexadecimal notation
 E.g.,

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Transmission of address bits
The transmission is left to right byte by byte
the address 47:20:1B:2E:08:EE is sent out on line.
01000111 00100000 00011011 00101110 00001000 11101110
Solution
The address is sent left-to-right, byte by byte; for
each byte, it is sent right-to-left, bit by bit, as shown
below:
Unicast, Multicast and broadcast Addresses

 A unicast address defines one recipient.If the least significant bit of

the first byte in a destination address is 0,the address is unicast.
 A multicast address defines a group of recipients. least significant bit
of the first byte in a destination address is 1.
 The broadcast address defines a group of all stations in the same
LAN
 A special case of multicast addresses
 All bits are 1s(48 1s)

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Example
Define the type of the following
destination addresses:
4A:30:10:21:10:1A
47:20:1B:2E:08:EE
FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF
 This is a unicast address because A in binary is 1010.
 This is a multicast address because 7 in binary is 0111.
 This is a broadcast address because all digits are F’s.

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 In a unicast transmission,all stations will receive the frame,the
intended recipient keeps and handles the frame;the rest discaed it.
 In a multicast transmission,all stations will receive the frame ,the
stations that are members of the group keep and handle it;the rest
discard it.
 In a broadcast transmission,all stations (except the sender)will
receive the frame and all stations(except the sender)keep and
handle it.
Standard Ethernet
Categories of Standard Ethernet

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In the nomenclature 10BaseX
 number defines the data rate (10Mbps).
 Base means Baseband(digital)signa.
 X defines either the maximum size of the
cable in 100 meters(ex:5 for 500)or the
type of the cable(ex:T for unsheilded
twisted pair)
Encoding AND Decoding in Standard Ethernet

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10Base5 Implementation

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 Thick ethernet or thicket
 Size of a garden hose and too stiff to bend with hands.
 Uses bus topology with an external
transceiver(transmitter/receiver)connected via a tap to a
thick coaxial cable.
 Tranceiver transmiting,receiving,and detecting collisions
 Tranceiver connected to stations using a tranceiver cable
provides separate path for sending and receiving.
 Collision only happen in the coaxial cable.
 Maximum size of coaxial cable is 500m
10Base2 Implementation

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Thin ethernet or cheapernet.
Uses bus topology
Cable is thinner and flexible
Tranceiver is part of the network interface and
installed inside the station.
Collision occure in coaxial cable
Less expensive than 10base5 because thick
coaxial is less expensive than thin and tee
connections are much cheaper than tap.
Maximum length of each segment is 185m(close
to 200m)
10Base-T Implementation

CAT3 Cable
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 Twisted pair ethernet.
 Uses star topology
 Stations are connected to a hub via two pairs of twisted
cable(one for sending and 1 for receiving between the
stations and hub).
 Collision happens in hub.
 Tmaximum length of twisted cable is 100m to minimize
the effect of attenuation in the twisted cable.
10Base-F Implementation

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Uses star topology to connect stations to a
hub.
Uses two optical fiber cable for connecting
stations to a hub.
Standard Ethernet Summary

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Raising the Bandwidth

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Bridged Ethernet
A bridge divides a network into two or
more segments
Each segment is independent of one
another, bandwidth-wise

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Collision Domain
 Bridges help split collision domain into smaller
ones

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Switched Ethernet

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Full-Duplex Ethernet

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Fast Ethernet
Fast Ethernet
Data rate: 100 Mbps
Standard  IEEE 802.3u
Backward-compatible with Standard
Ethernet

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Fast Ethernet Topologies

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Fast Ethernet Implementations

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Encoding for 100Base-FX

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Encoding for 100Base-FX

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Encoding for 100Base-T4

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Fast Ethernet Summary

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Gigabit Ethernet
Gigabit Ethernet
1000 Mbps
Standard  IEEE 802.3z, 802.3ab

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Gigabit Ethernet Encoding

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4D-PAM5 Encoding
Used in 1000Base-T

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Gigabit Ethernet Summary

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10-Gigabit and Up
IEEE Standards
802.3ae  10GbE over fiber
802.3ak  10GbE over twin axial cable
(10GBASE-CX4)
802.3an  10GbE over UTP (10GBASE-T)
802.3ba  40GbE and 100GbE

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