BY – MEGHA THIRKI

ADITYA
SY BSC IT
 In 1985, the Computer Society of the IEEE started a
project, called Project 802, to set standards to enable
intercommunication among equipment from a variety
of manufacturers.
 The standard was adopted by the American National
Standards Institute (ANSI). In1987, the International
Organization for Standardization (ISO) also approved it
as an international standard under the designation
ISO 8802.
 The IEEE has subdivided the data link layer into two
sub-layers:
 Logical link control (LLC)
 Media access control (MAC)
 The Ethernet LAN was developed in the 1970s by
Robert Metcalfe and David Boggs.
 Since then, it has gone through four generations:
 Standard Ethernet (10 Mbps)
 Fast Ethernet (100 Mbps)
 Gigabit Ethernet (1 Gbps)
 Ten-Gigabit Ethernet (10 Gbps)
MAC Sub-layer:
 In Standard Ethernet, the MAC sub-layer governs the
operation of the access method. It also frames data
received from the upper layer and passes them to the
physical layer.
Frame Format:
 The Ethernet frame contains seven fields: preamble,
SFD, DA, SA, length or type of protocol data unit
(PDU), upper-layer data, and the CRC.
 Preamble: The first field of the 802.3 frame contains 7
bytes (56 bits) of alternating Os and 1s that alerts the
receiving system to the coming frame and enables it
to synchronize its input timing.
 Start frame delimiter (SFD): The second field (1 byte:
10101011) signals the beginning of the frame. The last
2 bits is 11 and alerts the receiver that the next field is
the destination address.
 Destination address (DA):The DA field is 6 bytes and
contains the physical address of the destination
station or stations to receive the packet.
 Source address (SA):The SA field is also 6 bytes and
contains the physical address of the sender of the
packet.
 Length or type: This field is defined as a type field or
length field. The original Ethernet used this field as
the type field to define the upper-layer protocol using
the MAC frame.
 Data: This field carries data encapsulated from the
upper-layer protocols. It is a minimum of 46 and a
maximum of 1500 bytes.
 CRC: The last field contains error detection
information
Frame Length:
Ethernet has imposed restrictions on both the
minimum and maximum lengths of a frame
Addressing:
 Each station on an Ethernet network (such as a PC,
workstation, or printer) has its own network interface
card (NIC).
 The NIC fits inside the station and provides the
station with a link-layer address. As shown in Example
the Ethernet address is 6 bytes (48 bits), normally
written in hexadecimal notation, with a colon
between the bytes.
 Example of an Ethernet address in hexadecimal
notation
 06:01 :02:01:2C:4B
 6 bytes =12 hex digits =48 bits
 Unicast, Multicast, and Broadcast Addresses A source
address is always a unicast address-the frame comes
from only one station.
 The destination address, however, can be unicast,
multicast, or broadcast.
 If the least significant bit of the first byte in a
destination address is 0, the address is unicast;
otherwise, it is multicast.
The first implementation is called 10Base5, thick
Ethernet, or Thicknet. lOBaseS was the first Ethernet
specification to use a bus topology with an external
transceiver connected via a tap to a thick coaxial
cable.
10Base2: Thin Ethernet
The second implementation is called lOBase2,
Cheapernet. It also uses a bus topology, but the cable is
much thinner and more flexible. The cable can be bent to
pass very close to the stations.
lOBase-T: Twisted-Pair Ethernet
The third implementation is called lOBase-T or twisted-
pair Ethernet. 1OBase-T uses a physical star topology.
The stations are connected to a hub via two pairs of
twisted cable.
lOBase-F: Fiber Ethernet
Although there are several types of optical fiber 10-Mbps
Ethernet, the most common is called 10Base-F. 10Base-F
uses a star topology to connect stations to a hub. The
stations are connected to the hub using two fiber-optic
cables.
 Fast Ethernet was designed to compete with LAN
protocols such as FDDI or Fiber Channel.
 It can transmit data 10 times faster at a rate of 100
Mbps. The goals of Fast Ethernet can be summarized
as follows:
 1. Upgrade the data rate to 100 Mbps.
 2. Make it compatible with Standard Ethernet.
 3. Keep the same 48-bit address.
 4. Keep the same frame format.
 5. Keep the same minimum and maximum frame
lengths(in short MAC address was unchanged).
Topology:
 Fast Ethernet is designed to connect two or more
stations together.
 If there are only two stations, they can be connected
point-to-point.
 Three or more stations need to be connected in a
star topology with a hub or a switch at the center .
 lOO Base-TX uses two pairs of twisted-pair cable

lOO Base-FX uses two pairs of fiber-optic cables.

lOOBase-T4, was designed to use category 3 or higher

UTP.
 The need for an even higher data rate resulted in the
design of the Gigabit Ethernet protocol (1000 Mbps).
 The goals of the Gigabit Ethernet design can be
summarized as follows:
 1. Upgrade the data rate to 1 Gbps.
 2. Make it compatible with Standard or Fast Ethernet.
 3. Use the same 48-bit address.
 4. Use the same frame format.
 5. Keep the same minimum and maximum frame
lengths.
 Gigabit Ethernet has two distinctive approaches for
medium access: half-duplex and full-duplex.
Full-Duplex Mode:
 In full-duplex mode, there is a central switch
connected to all computers or other switches.
 In this mode, each switch has buffers for each input
port in which data are stored until they are
transmitted.
 In the full-duplex mode of Gigabit Ethernet, there is
no collision; the maximum length of the cable is
determined by the signal attenuation in the cable.
Half-Duplex Mode:
 Gigabit Ethernet can also be used in half-duplex
mode, although it is rare.
 In this case, a switch can be replaced by a hub, which
acts as the common cable in which a collision might
occur.

Physical Layer
 The physical layer in Gigabit Ethernet is more
complicated than that in Standard or Fast Ethernet.
 The IEEE committee created Ten-Gigabit Ethernet and
called it Standard 802.3ae. The goals of the Ten-
Gigabit Ethernet design can be summarized as
follows:
 1. Upgrade the data rate to 10 Gbps.
 2. Make it compatible with Standard, Fast, and
Gigabit Ethernet.
 3. Use the same 48-bit address.
 4. Use the same frame format.
 5. Keep the same minimum and maximum frame
lengths.
 6. Allow the interconnection of existing LANs into a
metropolitan area network (MAN)
 or a wide area network (WAN).
 7. Make Ethernet compatible with technologies such
as Frame Relay and ATM.
MAC Sublayer:
 Ten-Gigabit Ethernet operates only in full duplex
mode.
Physical Layer:
 The physical layer in Ten-Gigabit Ethernet is designed
for using fiber-optic cable over long distances.
 Three implementations are the most common:
10GBase-S, 10GBase-L, and 10GBase-E